171
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Tables
1.1 The grammar/pragmatics boundary, according to Ariel, 2008.
3.1 Speech acts and their formal representation, according to Searle (1969).
5.1 Cultural orientation toward negative or positive politeness.
6.1 The functions of language.
7.1 Classification of English modals; central modals are in order of frequency
7.2 Biber and Finegan’s (1989) four-way classification of stance.
Figures
1.1 Image of a cat.
1.2 A sign is the union of a signifier and a signified.
1.3 The indirect relationship between the sounds and the referent, mediated by the sign.
1.4 The Morse code.
1.5 Partition for the beginning of a Rachmaninoff piece with largo tempo.
1.6 The semantic Network of “chair.” “isa” labels hyponymy links.
1.7 The Müller-Lyer figures.
5.1 FTA strategies; adapted from Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 69).
5.2 Degrees of (im)politeness and types of polite/politic behavior.
5.3 Thanking gesture in Indian culture.
5.4 Thanking gestures in other cultures.
6.1 Jakobson’s Model.
6.2 A paratone, displaying the typical declination (solid line) and resets (dashed lines).
6.3 The “schools” of functionalism.
7.1 The deictic Space.
7.2 Thestance triangle (adapted from Du Bois, 2007).
7.3 Instances of well in COCA.
8.1 The evolution of the communicative competence model (Adapted from Celce-Murcia et al., 1995).
9.1 Recording of an ITA teaching in a chemistry laboratory, using a headset.
9.2 A screenshot from CARLA.
10.1 No parking sign in China.
10.2 Directional arrow Signs.
10.3 The Eiffel tower. Photograph.
10.4
