5 Liquidus lines of binary silicate systems (left: by wt, right: by m...Figure 6 Ternary phase diagrams in versions of technological relevance; shor...Figure 7 Miscibility gaps. (a) Extension of stable gaps in ternary borosilic...Figure 8 Change of Young's modulus E in the base glass composition 74 SiO2 1...Figure 9 Change of the thermal expansion coefficient α20–300 in t...Figure 10 Ternary composition diagram of the system Na2O–B2O3–SiO2 showing i...Figure 11 Hydrolytic stability of different pure oxides in aqueous solution ...4 Chapter 1.2Figure 1 Comparison between the compositions of the main raw materials used ...Figure 2 Sieve particle size distribution (PSD) curves of the main raw mater...Figure 3 Silica batch stone in a soda‐lime silica glass, resulting from inco...Figure 4 Undissolved chromite crystal in a soda‐lime silica glass as seen un...Figure 5 A feldspar knot with about 20 wt % Al2O3, enclosing bubbles (gas in...Figure 6 A sub‐mm‐sized silicon bead surrounded by H2‐rich gas inclusions in...Figure 7 Increases of iron contamination caused by grinding of quartz made w...
5 Chapter 1.3Figure 1 Absorption bands of Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cr3+ in a glass melt, and radia...Figure 2 Convection cells (vortices) in the melting tank of a glass furnace ...Figure 3 Liquidus temperatures and viscosities (dPa·s) of primary melts form...Figure 4 Early stages of batch melting, manually sketched after the scanning...Figure 5 Schematic view of a dissolving sand grain; the grain is surrounded ...Figure 6 Grain‐size distributions of two different glass‐grade sand qualitie...Figure 7 Dissolution turnover of the two sands of Figure 6 as a function of ...Figure 8 Rising velocity vSLIP of bubble swarms in a melt at a viscosity of ...
6 Chapter 1.4Figure 1 Very large glass cylinders blown mechanically with the Lubbers proc...Figure 2 Sketch of Fourcault process in cross section. The molten glass flow...Figure 3 Sketch of Colburn process in a bird's‐eye perspective. The molten g...Figure 4 Sketch of the Pittsburg Pennvernon process in cross section. The mo...Figure 5 Sketch of the Asahi process in cross section. The rotatable Asahi b...Figure 6 Sketch of single‐pass wire roll out process (upper part insertion p...Figure 7 Overview of a float‐glass plant (scale not right: size of the right...Figure 8 Equilibrium thickness of floating glass on the molten tin when the ...Figure 9 Sketch of the tin bath part of the float process: (a) on vertical p...Figure 10 Sketch of the float process: (a) for sheets thinner than the equil...Figure 11 Shape and thickness distribution of a 2 mm thick float‐glass ribbo...Figure 12 Simulated thickness distribution at the exit of the bath for 2 mm ...Figure 13 The complex interactions of impurities with the atmosphere, tin ba...Figure 14 Sketch of slot downdraw process in cross section. The molten glass...Figure 15 Sketch of fusion downdraw process in a bird's‐eye perspective. Mol...
7 Chapter 1.5Figure 1 Schematic overview of one section of an Individual‐section machine ...Figure 2 Temperature gradients and interface temperature between contact‐mat...Figure 3 (a–d) Blow & blow process, blank‐side.Figure 4 (a–d) Forming of the final container at the blow‐side (same for all...Figure 5 (a–d) Press & blow process, blank‐side.Figure 6 (a–d) Narrow‐neck press & blow process, blank‐side.Figure 7 Cross section of a modern feeder (double‐gob setup).Figure 8 Performance increase of IS forming machines over the years in conta...Figure 9 A modern pneumatic‐controlled 12‐section double‐gob individual‐sect...Figure 10 Parison just before blow‐mold closing and final container on the b...
8 Chapter 1.6Figure 1 History of commercial continuous fiberglass development (most activ...Figure 2 Schematic illustrations of continuous fiberglass manufacturing proc...Figure 3 Differential scanning calorimetry output of E‐glass batches with an...Figure 4 Viscosity curves of E‐glass, E‐CR‐glass, AR‐glass, D‐glass (derivat...Figure 5 Global GRP composite market shares in America, EMEA, and Asia Pacif...Figure 6 Improvement in fiber properties through compositional changes. (a) ...
9 Chapter 1.7Figure 1 Examples of burner block geometry. (a) Accurate representation with...Figure 2 Example of a screen with small‐scale features requiring a high mesh...Figure 3 Deformed finite
