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Note
1 Reviewers: G. Ferlat, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, FranceA. Takada, Asahi Glass Company, Yokohama, Japan
Section III. Physics of Glass
Figure 1 The influence of quench rate on the physical properties of a window glass: thermal strengthening visualized by the distribution of internal stresses in a Prince Rupert's drop (top). Determination made from an analysis of high‐precision polarimetry measurements (bottom) of the strain birefringence (Strain‐Matic©, Ilis GmbH, Germany).
Source: Photo by Henning Katte of a drop prepared by Armin Lenhart, courtesy Dominique de Ligny.
In most applications glass needs to be inert with respect to its environment. A particular glass is then selected for a given use on the basis of its physical properties. The range of glasses to be dealt in both industrial and natural contexts makes it necessary to pay attention to the strong dependences of physical properties on chemical composition, whose understanding is facilitated by the structural concepts presented in Section II. Because one produces most glasses by cooling melts, however, the fundamental issues to be discussed first are why vitrifiability varies so much with composition and how the glass transition varies with the cooling rate.
In the first chapter of this section both issues are discussed by M.J. Ojovan in the light of energetic, microscopic, and structural criteria (Chapter 3.1). Owing to the nonequilibrium nature of the glass transition, its thermodynamic treatment requires new concepts. From the notions of affinity and order parameter and simple relaxation models based on calorimetric measurements, insights are derived by J.‐L. Garden and H. Guillou on the entropy irreversibly created at the glass transition and on processes such as physical aging below Tg (Chapter 3.2). Within the framework of irreversible thermodynamics, the issue of entropy at the glass transition is then examined by P. Gujrati who shows how both communal entropy and free volume vanish at an ideal glass transition where the viscosity divergence would take place (Chapter 3.3).
Following these theoretical accounts, three chapters consider specific physical properties. In the first, B. Hehlen and B. Rufflé deal with the various modes of vibrations existing in glasses, paying particular attention to the low temperatures at which the boson peak represents an excess of vibrational modes with respect to those predicted by the Debye model for crystals (Chapter
