Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture. Группа авторов
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Figure 15 Sketch of fusion downdraw process in a bird's‐eye perspective. Molten glass flows over weirs and run down on both sides of fusion pipe. Two glass streams join and merge together at the root and are stretched downward [3].
7 Perspectives
Over the years the demand for flat glass has paralleled the growth of the global economy. In addition to architectural applications, the automotive, solar energy, and electronics especially flat panel display (FPD) application markets have all been at the same time growing and an important source of new, value‐added products (Chapter 6.10). Recently, glass sheets for chemically strengthened components such as cover glass for displays and ultrathin glass for touch panels have emerged as important products driven by the explosive diffusion of mobile phones and tablets with touch sensors [12]. These trends are supposed to continue and affect markets such as appliance, transportation, interior architecture, and many others. The important role of flat glass keeps increasing in these domains as well as in the field of information and communication, optics, healthcare, and so forth. Further improvements will thus be made to meet new specifications and respond to various market demands. From an industrial perspective, however, not only the cost and quality of the glass itself but also controllability, investment size, yield, delivery time, versatility, cost of post‐processing, and other factors of the manufacturing process have to be taken into consideration for each application. Therefore, an overall and comprehensive understanding of the forming process remains a key issue.
For new applications, work is in particular being conducted on ultrathin flexible glass (0.2 mm–30 μm) and on rolled glass for flexible display, OLED lighting, and organic thin‐film solar cell to take advantage of unique features of glass such as bendability, impermeability to gas, transparency, surface quality, chemical and thermal durability, and so on [13]. Such products are not yet on the mass market because the fundamental technologies are not mature, but flexible and rolled glasses are nonetheless expected to come out in the near future. The applications to the field of health care, electrical and optical packaging, MEMS, and so forth are anticipated to become more popular as well [14]. The relevant information can be found on the websites of glass manufacturers.
Two directions for development of the forming process can be followed. One is to improve further currently existing processes in terms of flatness, thickness, width, productivity, controllability, cost, versatility, facility lifetime, etc. The other direction is to add values through online introduction of other features such as coating and surface treatment (cf. Chapters 6.7 and 6.8). A closer match and harmonization between forming process and glass composition and properties might be also attractive.
As for forming commodity glass, invention of a novel process surpassing float with regard to energy consumption and investment costs would be desirable. For specialty glasses, innovative processes with higher quality and lower cost will of course also be sought after. Advances in basic science, simulation methods, sensing procedures, and information technology are presumed to become still more important either in operation and engineering or in development and innovation. Moreover, newly developed materials could make other innovative progress possible. In this respect, could unprecedented innovations based on novel mechanism make the processes described in this chapter obsolete in a near future? Their advantages should be considerable to write off the capital invested in current production plants all over the world. But would those innovations give rise to new applications and create new markets? A never ending challenge will change the world [15, 16].
References
1 1 Cable, M. (2004). The development of flat glass manufacturing processes. Trans. Newcomen Soc. 74: 19–43.
2 2 Yates, R.F. (May 1921). Revolutionizing the glass‐blowing industry. Popular Monthly: 30–32.
3 3 Hynd, W.C. (1984). Flat glass manufacturing processes. In: Glass: Science and Technology, Vol. 2, Processing I (eds. D.R. Uhlmann and N.J. Kreidl), 45–106. New York: Academic Press, Inc.
4 4 Yunker, R.W. (1984). Flat glass manufacturing processes, and C.K. Edge, Update. In: The Handbook of Glass Manufacture, 3rd ed., vol. 2 (ed. F.V. Tooley), 683–714 and p. 714/1–714/21. New York: Ashlee Publishing Co.
5 5 Cable, M. (1999). Mechanization of glass manufacture. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 82: 1093–1012.
6 6 Mishima, Y. (1985). Flat glass forming, float process. In: Glass Encyclopedia [in Japanese] (ed. S. Sakka), 276–283. Tokyo: Asakura Shoten.
7 7 Abe, Y., Inaba, H., Okamoto, F. et al. (2010). Glass forming. In: Glass Engineering Handbook [in Japanese] (eds. M. Yamane, I. Yasui, M. Wada, et al.), 354–364. Tokyo: Asakura Shoten.
8 8 Mori, T. (2007). Historical Development of Flat Glass Manufacturing Technologies, Research Report on technological systematization [in Japanese], vol. 9. National Science Museum: Tokyo.
9 9 Pilkington, L.A.B. (1969). The float glass process. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A314: 1–25.
10 10 Kamihori, T., Iga, M., Kakihara, S., and Mase, H. (1994). An integrated mathematical model of float process. J. Non‐Cryst. Solids 177: 363–371.
11 11 Ellison, A. and Cornejo, I.A. (2010). Glass substrates for liquid crystal displays. Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci. 1: 87–103.
12 12 Lee, M.Y.M. (March/April 2013). Glass part 3: new generation of specialty glass for LCDs and AMOLEDs. Gases Instrum: 1–6.
13 13 Plichta, A., Habeck, A., Knoche, S. et al. (2005). Flexible glass substrates. In: Flexible Flat Panel Displays (ed. G.P. Crawford), 35–56. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
14 14 Schröder, H., Brusberg, L., Arndt‐Staufenbiel, N. et al. (2011). Glass panel processing for electrical and optical packaging. In: 61st IEEE Electronic Components and Technology Conference Proceedings, 625–633. IEEE: Piscataway, NJ.
15 15 Bange, K., Jain, H., and Pantano, C.G. (2014). Making Glass Better. Functional Glasses: properties and Applications for Energy and Information. Madrid: International Commission on Glass.
16 16 Bange, K. and Weissenberger‐Eibl, M. (2010). Making Glass Better, an ICG Roadmap with a 25 Year Glass R&D Horizon. Madrid: International Commission on Glass.
Note
1 Reviewers: S. Inoue, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba‐shi, Ibaraki, JapanT. Yano, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo, Japan
1.5 Fabrication of Glass Containers
Christian Roos
IPGR – International Partners in Glass Research, Bülach, Switzerland
1 Introduction