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Notes
1 1 https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/about/overview/history/
2 2 https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp‐content/uploads/2017/11/Revisions‐to‐the‐Standards‐for‐the‐Classification‐of‐Federal‐Data‐on‐Race‐and‐Ethnicity‐October30‐1997.pdf
3 3 https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/foundation‐health‐measures/Disparities
4 4 https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/about/overview/research‐framework.html
5 5 https://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/women_min/guidelines.htm
2 Getting Under the SkinPathways and Processes that Link Social and Biological Determinants of Disease
Chandra L. Jackson1, Rada K. Dagher2, Jung S. Byun3, Tilda Farhat4, and Kevin L. Gardner5
1 Epidemiology Branch, Social and Environmental Determinants of Health Equity, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Cary, NC, USA
2 National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Division of Scientific Programs, Bethesda, MD, USA
3 National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
4 National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Office of Science Policy, Planning, Evaluation, and Reporting, Bethesda, MD, USA
5 Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
2.1 Introduction
A fundamental aspect of health disparities research is to understand the differential influences through which “where” and “how” we live affects our daily lives, and to provide everyone with an opportunity to reach and maintain their greatest health potential. “Where and how” we live encompasses, for instance, how we feed, how we sleep, and how we feel. It is also characterized by the differing ways in which we each respond to the vicissitudes of life. These influences on health are complex, multifactorial, interact with each other, accrue throughout the life course, and differentially affect various populations.
The domains that have the greatest influence on health and health disparities include the healthcare system, the sociocultural environment, the physical environment, and behavioral and biological determinants. Of note, modifiable environmental exposures and social factors, combined with a certain level of susceptibility may trigger epigenetic changes, thus producing biological processes contributing to health disparities. These domains are inextricably linked and may combine to produce synergistic effects on health, but their impacts are not distributed uniformly throughout the population. Several diseases and conditions can occur with increased frequency and severity (producing worse outcomes) in certain population groups. Understanding how these domains interact and combine to determine health outcomes (along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle) requires a transdisciplinary approach [1]. A transdisciplinary perspective cuts across different areas of expertise while filling in gaps of knowledge and understanding. Through cooperative and integrated efforts, subject matter experts must work together across disciplines and with communities to understand the causes/determinants and environmental or social pathways, as well as biological mechanisms of health disparities in order to implement interventions to eliminate or reduce disparities. A precision perspective in this effort requires the recognition of heterogeneity in the environmental, social, and behavioral influences. It also requires an understanding of how population‐specific differences in the magnitude of environmental, social, and behavioral influences may be fundamental causes of disparities in disease incidence, progression, and outcomes. Effective interventions—whether social, behavioral, or therapeutic—to eliminate or mitigate health disparities may depend on how thoroughly we understand the biological underpinnings of the contributions of the environment and society (including their influences on behavior)
