Care
19.1 Racial Disparities as a Quality Problem
19.2 Defining Quality and Access
19.3 Examples of Racial Disparities as a Quality Problem
19.4 Addressing Disparities in Access to Quality Care
19.5 Steps to Addressing Healthcare Disparities
19.6 Implement Evidence‐based Strategies to Eliminate Disparities
19.7 Invest in Health Equity Performance Measures
19.8 Incentivize the Reduction of Health Disparities
19.9 Advice for a Healthcare Disparities Researcher
19.10 Conclusion
19.11 Key Points
Disclaimer
References
26 20 Health Communication as a Mediator of Health and Healthcare Disparities 20.1 Introduction: Scope and Conceptual Framework 20.2 Risk Factors for Health Communication Disparities and Impact on Communication and Health Outcomes 20.3 An Example of Systems‐based Approaches: Creating Health‐Literate Healthcare Systems 20.4 Interventions to Mitigate Other Communication Risk Factors 20.5 Future Directions for Communications Research: Measurement and Implementation 20.6 Key Points Disclaimer References
27 21 Comparative Effectiveness Research in Health Disparity Populations 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Background 21.3 CER Study Designs 21.4 CER Measures 21.5 Approaches to CER 21.6 Applications of CER in Health Disparity Populations 21.7 Social Determinants of Health 21.8 Groups with Particular Needs for CER 21.9 Major Public Health/Policy Interventions as a Result of CER 21.10 Multisectoral Impact of CER on Disparities 21.11 Future Directions of CER 21.12 Key Points Disclaimer References
28 22 The Role of Electronic Health Records and Health Information Technology in Addressing Health Disparities 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Healthcare Data and Electronic Records 22.3 Overview of Health Information Technologies 22.4 Application of Digital Health and Health Information Technologies to Addressing Disparities 22.5 Conclusions: Challenges and Opportunities in Health Information Technologies Implementation 22.6 Key Points Acknowledgments Disclaimer References
29 23 Precision Medicine and Health Disparities 23.1 The Promise of Precision Medicine 23.2 Methods in Precision Medicine and Applications in Health Disparities 23.3 Future Directions and Research Needs 23.4 Genomic Health Literacy 23.5 Success in Precision Medicine 23.6 Conclusion 23.7 Key Points Acknowledgments Disclaimer References
30 24 Recruitment, Inclusion, and Diversity in Clinical Trials 24.1 Background/Context 24.2 Understanding Barriers to Inclusion in Clinical Research 24.3 Best Practices for Optimizing Inclusion in Clinical Research 24.4 Future Directions and Research Needs 24.5 Conclusion 24.6 Key Points Disclaimer References
31 25 Sexual and Gender Minority Health DisparitiesConcepts, Methods, and Future Directions 25.1
