href="#ulink_e5258363-d57a-5491-b251-657f285d4c40">10.4 Multielemental Oxide‐Based Catalysts
10.5 Perspective and Outlook
References
11 Band Engineering of Semiconductors Toward Visible‐Light‐Responsive Photocatalysts
11.1 Basis of Photocatalyst Materials
11.2 Photocatalyst Material Groups
11.3 Design of Band Structures of Photocatalyst Materials
11.4 Preparation of Photocatalysts
References
6 Section II: Surface Studies and Operando Spectroscopies in Heterogeneous Catalysis 12 Toward Precise Understanding of Catalytic Events and Materials Under Working Conditions References 13 Pressure Gaps in Heterogeneous Catalysis 13.1 Introduction 13.2 High‐Pressure Studies of Catalysts 13.3 Adsorption on Solid Surfaces at Low and High Pressures 13.4 Conclusions and Outlook Acknowledgments References 14 In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of Gas/Solid and Liquid/Solid Interfaces 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Observation in Gas and Liquid Phases 14.3 Applications and Outlook References 15 Tomography in Catalyst Design 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Imaging with X‐Rays 15.3 Conventional Absorption CT to Study Catalytic Materials 15.4 X‐Ray Diffraction Computed Tomography (XRD‐CT) 15.5 Pair Distribution Function CT 15.6 Multimodal XANES‐CT, XRD‐CT, and XRF‐CT 15.7 Atom Probe Tomography 15.8 Ptychographic X‐Ray CT 15.9 Conclusions References 16 Resolving Catalyst Performance at Nanoscale via Fluorescence Microscopy 16.1 Fluorescence Microscopy as Catalyst Characterization Tool 16.2 Basics of Fluorescence and Fluorescence Microscopy 16.3 Strategies to Resolve Catalytic Processes in a Fluorescence Microscope 16.4 Wide‐Field and Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy 16.5 Super‐resolution Fluorescence Microscopy 16.6 What Can We Learn About Catalysts from (Super‐resolution) Fluorescence Microscopy: Case Studies 16.7 Conclusions and Outlook References 17 In Situ Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Catalysis 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Basic Principles of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) 17.3 Experimental Methods and Setup for In Situ cw‐EPR 17.4 Applications of In Situ EPR Spectroscopy 17.5 Conclusions References 18 Toward Operando Infrared Spectroscopy of Heterogeneous Catalysts 18.1 Brief Theory on Infrared Spectroscopy 18.2 Different Modes of IR Measurements 18.3 Measuring the “Background” 18.4 Using Probe Molecules to Identify Heterogeneous Sites 18.5 IR Measurements Under Operando Conditions 18.6 Case Studies of Operando IR Spectroscopy 18.7 Perspective and Outlook References 19 Operando X‐Ray Spectroscopies on Catalysts in Action 19.1 Fundamentals of X‐Ray Spectroscopy 19.2 X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Methods 19.3 High‐Energy‐Resolution (Resonant) X‐Ray Emission Spectroscopy 19.4 In Situ and Operando Cells 19.5 Application of Time‐Resolved Methods 19.6 Limitations and Challenges 19.7 Concluding Remarks References 20 Methodologies to Hunt Active Sites and Active Species 20.1
