healer and my daughter Zhenya, a talanted artist, educated and art historian and my grandauphter Nikka, a truly gifted musician and composer.
Mike Thomson Why Pediatric Endoscopy?
Please forgive this indulgence, but as you may divine from this, I am clearly a little too focussed, and some may say ‘sad and obsessed’, with this area of medicine!
Like most things in life, and particularly in the serendipitous, chaotic and mal‐designed world of medical careers, I ‘fell’ in to endoscopy in children. Which does sound a little ‘messy’!
I am very grateful to George my co‐Editor and massive contributor for the opportunity to join him in this venture ‐ we did it together for the Second Edition 10 years ago, and this version has massively surpassed that one. Marvin Ament should not be forgotten as an integral part of the first and second Editions ‐ a real progenitor of paediatric endoscopy. We hope that this Third Edition has kept pace with this fast‐changing field.
I was first exposed to endoscopy in children in 1986 in a large teaching hospital in the North of England where it was ‘hold them down, minimally sedate, and get on with it.’ Things have changed a bit since then! However, to be fair, at that point, I did not ‘get the bug’ for pediatric endoscopy. It was really still in its infancy, having been championed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by such giants of the field as Sami Cadranel (so sadly, recently left us), Marvin Ament and Jean‐Francois‐Mougenot. Sami, Jean‐Francois and I were (much) later get to know each other and become friends. They and many others set the scene for the undertaking of children’s endoscopy by children’s specialists in GI – a cause I have always believed in and tried to implement. Who wants an adult surgeon doing a quick sigmoidoscopy on your child with suspected Crohn’s and taking no biopsies? Never mind not getting to the ileum! Hobby horse time – I always call the lower GI procedure an ileo‐colonoscopy not simply a colonoscopy. Why, for instance, would you be happy with having a bronchoscopy where the bronchoscopist only examined the trachea and main left and right bronchi without going further? Or even just the left lung and not the right?!
My first inspirational moment came when I took up the position of GI/Hepatology Fellow in the Royal Brisbane Children’s Hospital in Australia in 1989 ‐ a perfect equation of work hard/play hard. My mentor Prof Ross Shepherd was, and is, one of the most astute clinicians I have had the good fortune to learn from ‐ and luckily he was a great teacher of endoscopy as well. Prof Geoff Cleghorn and Dr Mark Patrick deserve mention here as well and imparted knowledge and skill tips that I have not forgotten. Australia at this point were streets ahead of Europe in this area and in the 5 years I was there I had an accelerated endoscopy training, which, like many things in medicine, was down to good luck rather than good management. Also undertook my MD Doctorate on CF here.
Quick story ‐ on our research staff we had a vet called Ristan Greer and I had a patient who had recurrent H pylori type bug called then Gastrospirillum hominis (now Helicobacter heilmanii) only usually previously seen in cats and dogs – we agreed to scope the cats and dogs at their farm with Ristan anesthetising them and using an old scope that was to be thrown out we identified the micro‐organism in the cats, gave eradication to the girl and the cats simultaneously, and she was ‘cured’. Cue a paper in The Lancet.
Watersheds occur in life, and I chose, for family reasons, to return to the UK in 1994. Birmingham and Dame Professor Deirdre Kelly CBE and her world‐leading liver unit awaited. Gulp. Without doubt one of the most inspirational women and doctors in the UK, to this day. When I first arrived, I met Sue the amazing PA to Deirdre, and after she had shown me my office – in a Portacabin! – I asked her ‘Are you doing that accent for a joke?’ It took a while for me to get back in to her good books! It was easy transferring skills but not so easy adapting back to a West Midlands climate. I loved my time there but the only things that the two cities have in common is the letter ‘B’. No beach or surf in Brummie. Made some great life‐long friends there though. I clearly remember getting a phone call, possibly ‘tongue in cheek’, from the head histopathologist in Birmingham Children’s Hospital two weeks after I had started. I had performed a scope on a post‐transplant girl and sent the biopsies off. He said I had mislabelled the samples because I had put ‘terminal ileum’ on one, and they hadn’t seen that label for years, so was I sure! And so to another mentor, the extraordinary Deirdre Kelly, from whom I learnt many things ‐ but not much endoscopy. But another good friend which the journey of medicine has allowed me to make. She was instrumental in my application to then become a Consultant with the incomparable Prof John Walker‐Smith, one of the fathers of our discipline, at the Royal Free Hospital in London. Got lost, nearly missed the interview, swore I would never work and live in London ‐ got the job and moved to London.
The next ten years were eye‐opening. The ‘dream‐team’ of JAWS (which acronym I know he dislikes), Simon Murch, Alan Phillips, me and latterly Rob Heuschkel were as close to a medical family as is possible. We should remember here our friend Dave Casson who sadly passed away from gastric cancer. Importantly I was privileged to learn at John’s feet but almost, if not more, significant for me, I was able to hone my apprentice‐type ileo‐colonoscopy skills with the greatest of them all, Prof Christopher Williams. A unique character is a fair way to describe him, but he is acknowledged as having been the best of the best when it came to ileo‐colonoscopy training. Simon Murch, John Fell and I learnt a great deal. We were in the mid‐nineties, however, still iv drug users! Eric Hassall, the famous North American paediatric gastroenterologist and a good and wise friend, once wrote a paper ‘Why pediatric endoscopists should not be iv drug users.’ Referring to the dual role of performing a procedure and also administering the iv sedation. Holding down a child should never be part of an endoscopy, nor should respiratory rescue. ‘Let the anaesthetists do what they want to keep the child still, unknowing and amnesic and don’t get involved’ has always been my mantra. Cost and availability of anaesthetists is the only reason why it still happens in the bad old way.
So I had a vision ‐ please forgive me for sounding like a prima donna! The John Walker‐Smith Unit had been running a brilliant Paeds Gastro Course in December in London for at least 12 years. As the young guy and the endoscopy enthusiast I thought ‘why not add on a live endoscopy day?’ John was very receptive and the first one was a real experiment but it worked. I still owe Simon an apology for training the room camera on him as he was scoping and videoing his ‘gurnying’ (facial movements as if in pain), during a live ileo‐colonoscopy, to 150 people in the main auditorium! Fortunately, he has a great and forgiving sense of humour. It was probably the first ever successful live paediatric endoscopy meeting. The close interaction with scientists such as Alan Phillips also came out in this Course with biopsy orientation and handling adding another dimension. The Meeting seemed, apparently, to work smoothly ‐ but a bit like a swan gliding serenely over the lake’s surface, meanwhile its legs swimming frenetically beneath, we were frantically trying to get all the pieces of the jigsaw to fit together and at the appropriate time. It was amazing and a real privilege to be able to invite the great and good from the world of paediatric endoscopy over to London to teach over the next 10 years ‐ Victor Fox, Luigi Dall’Oglio, Jean‐Francois Mougenot, Jean‐Pierre Olives, Sami Cadranel, Yvan Vandenplas, Ernie Seidman, Harland Winter, Athos Bousvaros, Raoul Furlano and of course Eric Hassall. Other giants of the field I was to meet later.
Over the next ten years we worked closely with the adult GI Unit and Prof Owen Epstein and I produced a DVD with over 400 endoscopy videos and stills, which is still available and remains for me a great resource for Powerpoint presentations etc. This textbook has many other videos on the accompanying webpage if you are interested. The Paediatric Endoscopy Unit evolved and we started pioneering therapeutic techniques with close clinical governance, and always learning from meetings such as the BSG, ESGE, UEGW, and DDW which showcased new and exciting techniques in endo‐therapy. The Unit did however produce a non‐endoscopy virtue ‐ a wife and our first daughter ‐ Kay was a part of our team at middle grade level for a while which is how we met (Mills and Boon or not!)
