conflict with Libya, drought, and food shortages. In 1986 real GDP returned to its 1977 level, with cotton, the major cash crop, accounting for 48% of exports. Over 80% of the work force is employed in subsistence farming and fishing. Industry is based almost entirely on the processing of agricultural products, including cotton, sugarcane, and cattle. Chad is highly dependent on foreign aid, with its economy in trouble and many regions suffering from shortages. Oil companies are exploring areas north of Lake Chad and in the Doba basin in the south.
_#_GDP: $1,015 million, per capita $205; real growth rate 0.9% (1989 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.9% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA
_#_Budget: revenues $78 million; expenditures $127 million, not including capital expenditures that are mostly financed by foreign aid donors (1989 est.)
_#_Exports: $174 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities—cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish;
partners—France, Nigeria, Cameroon
_#_Imports: $264 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.);
commodities—machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%, petroleum products 13%, foodstuffs 9%; note—excludes military equipment;
partners—US, France, Nigeria, Cameroon
_#_External debt: $530 million (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 12.9% (1989 est.); accounts for nearly 15% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 38,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 14 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes
_#_Agriculture: accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; cotton most important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc; livestock—cattle, sheep, goats, camels; self-sufficient in food in years of adequate rainfall
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–89), $198 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–88), $1.3 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979–89), $28 million; Communist countries (1970–89), $80 million
_#_Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural—francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
_#_Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1—256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications #_Highways: 31,322 km total; 32 km bituminous; 7,300 km gravel and laterite; remainder unimproved
_#_Inland waterways: 2,000 km navigable
_#_Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 70 total, 54 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440–3,659 m; 23 with runways 1,220–2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links; 5,000 telephones; stations—3 AM, 1 FM, limited TV service; many facilities are inoperative; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Patriotic Salvation Force (FPS; Army, Air Force), paramilitary Gendarmerie, National Police
_#_Manpower availability: males 15–49, 1,188,222; 616,932 fit for military service; 51,713 reach military age (20) annually
_#Defense expenditures: $39 million, 4.3% of GDP (1988) % @Chile *Geography #_Total area: 756,950 km2; land area: 748,800 km2; includes Isla de Pascua (Easter Island) and Isla Sala y Gomez
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana
_#_Land boundaries: 6,171 km total; Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km
_#_Coastline: 6,435 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
Continental shelf: 200 nm;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Disputes: short section of the southern boundary with Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water rights; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine claim
_#_Climate: temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south
_#_Terrain: low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east
_#_Natural resources: copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum
_#_Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 16%; forest and woodland 21%; other 56%; includes irrigated 2%
_#_Environment: subject to severe earthquakes, active volcanism, tsunami; Atacama Desert one of world's driest regions; desertification
_#_Note: strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)
_*People #_Population: 13,286,620 (July 1991), growth rate 1.5% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 77 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.5 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Chilean(s); adjective—Chilean
_#_Ethnic divisions: European and European-Indian 95%, Indian 3%, other 2%
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, and small Jewish population
_#_Language: Spanish
_#_Literacy: 93% (male 94%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 3,840,000; services 38.6% (includes government 12%) 38.6%; industry and commerce 31.3%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 15.9%; mining 8.7%; construction 4.4% (1985)
_#_Organized labor: 11% of labor force (1990)
_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of Chile
_#_Type: republic
_#_Capital:
