4.6 Many people visit natural ecosystems to feel a sense of spiritual...Figure 4.7 The narrow riparian zones that border river shores are far more i...Figure 4.8 The strategic value of ecosystems is illustrated by the coarse‐fi...Figure 4.9 The forests of Socotra, a small remote island, could be said to c...Figure 4.10 The extreme climatic conditions of a high‐latitude or high‐eleva...Figure 4.11 Ecologists refer to a mosaic of interacting ecosystems as a land...Figure 4.12 Mangroves are marine wetlands that occur along many tropical coa...5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 The evolution of the “tree of life”. Branching relationships chan...Figure 5.2 Most people who have eaten cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, ...Figure 5.3 Two morphs of the eastern gray squirrel well known from the easte...Figure 5.4 Genetic diversity is partitioned within versus among populations ...Figure 5.5 The native annual plant, Collinsia sparsiflora, grows on [“S”] an...Figure 5.6 (a) Species of snowball plants of the genus Saussurea that are us...Figure 5.7 Relationships between reproductive fitness and genetic diversity ...Figure 5.8 Juvenile mortality in 44 species of mammals (16 ungulates, 16 pri...Figure 5.9 Deformities resulting from population isolation and inbreeding, i...Figure 5.10 Outbreeding depression among ibex. When an ibex population of th...Figure 5.11 Ankole watusi cattle raised as beef on a dry pasture in Malawi v...Figure 5.12 Inbreeding pedigrees for matings between: (a) a half‐sister with...Figure 5.13 Wild animals and humans have long shared culture based on collab...Figure 5.14 An “alien” giant tortoise (a) recently discovered on a remote vo...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The rise and occasional fall of biodiversity as indicated by the ...Figure 6.2 The Earth is pocked with many impact craters such as this one in ...Figure 6.3 Trilobites survived for roughly 270 million years before disappea...Figure 6.4 Three long‐term cyclical changes in the Earth’s movements collect...Figure 6.5 Global mean temperature record of the last 150,000 years.Figure 6.6 Changes in the geographic ranges of American beech and eastern he...Figure 6.7 Biota particularly sensitive to global climate change include som...Figure 6.8 Protected areas are projected to be particularly vulnerable to cl...Figure 6.9 Average decadal changes in timing of important biological events ...Figure 6.10 The timing of important biological events has been shifting arou...Figure 6.11 Species undergoing “phenology mismatch” due to climate change: c...Figure 6.12 The mountains of Haiti where forests have nearly vanished due to...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 (a) An empirical evaluation of extinction risk for eight rare flo...Figure 7.2 There are three basic ways that a species can be rare. Some, such...Figure 7.3 The ability of species to survive in the face of environmental ch...Figure 7.4 If we use an area‐based definition of population, the trout in th...Figure 7.5 A schematic depiction of metapopulations. Occupied patches are sh...Figure 7.6 Metapopulation structure and dynamics of the solitary bee Andrena...Figure 7.7 Deterministic projections.Figure 7.8 Ten projections with survival‐related stochasticity.Figure 7.9 Projections with survival‐related stochasticity.Figure 7.10 Projections with survival‐ and gender‐related stochasticity.Figure 7.11 Projections with survival‐ and gender‐related stochasticities an...Figure 7.12 A combination of factors drove the heath hen, once widespread in...Figure 7.13 Extinctions happen despite our best efforts to prevent them. Geo...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 This map shows the human footprint, a quantitative depiction of h...Figure 8.2 The effects of air pollution on the health of urban people are we...Figure 8.3 Analysis of the spatial patterns of dominant winds (arrows) and a...Figure 8.4 This figure shows the recovery of Atlantic salmon, a flagship and...Figure 8.5 Persistent pesticides and similar compounds accumulate in the tis...Figure 8.6 Most of the Earth’s land surface is densely crisscrossed by roads...Figure 8.7 Roads act as filters to the movements of many animals, especially...Figure 8.8 Many of the world’s rivers are fragmented by dams that stop or re...Figure 8.9 Ingesting plastic debris is a major issue for many marine organis...Figure 8.10 Soil erosion has profoundly degraded ecosystem productivity in m...Figure 8.11 Clearcuts have a dramatic effect on forest biota but the key iss...Figure 8.12 Oil palm plantations are replacing tropical forests in many regi...Figure 8.13 This photo from Morocco highlights one of the main drivers of de...Figure 8.14 A complex of aquatic ecosystems before and after human alteratio...Figure 8.15 A graphical representation of island biogeography theory.Figure 8.16 The number of species in a sample plot or on an island increases...Figure 8.17 People usually initiate fragmentation by building a road into a ...Figure 8.18 Three principles of geometry that affect the edge‐to‐area ratios...Figure 8.19 Penetration distances of different edge effects into forest remn...Figure 8.20 Madagascar is home to many unique species such as the diademed s...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Many scientists believe that human overexploitation was responsib...Figure 9.2 Moas were flightless birds endemic to New Zealand that were drive...Figure 9.3 Commercial exploitation for urban markets has devastated populati...Figure 9.4 (a) Bats marketed for food like these are thought to be the sourc...Figure 9.5 Subsistence use of wild plants and animals is very important for ...Figure 9.6 Trophy hunting is the hunting of animals, usually large carnivore...Figure 9.7 Even nonconsumptive use of wild life can be harmful. This diver e...Figure 9.8 Sea lions are often victims (bycatch) to entanglement in active o...Figure 9.9 This graph shows how whalers have overexploited a series of great...Figure 9.10 Mortality resulting from human fishing tends to increase as fish...Figure 9.11 Overfishing of herbivorous parrotfish, such as the stoplight par...Figure 9.12 Change in species abundance for different levels of protection, ...Figure 9.13 Consumers provide the market for wild life trade items and thus ...Figure 9.14 The decline of large, predatory fish in the Gulf of Maine (e.g. ...Figure 9.15 Temporal trends in fractional trophic levels of harvested specie...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Ships have spread Norway rats and black rats to virtually every ...Figure 10.2 International trade leads to invasion of exotic species as refle...Figure 10.3 Historically, fish stocking for sport was one of the main driver...Figure 10.4 In Australia eastern barred bandicoots (shown here), other small...Figure 10.5 After sea lampreys used the Welland canal to bypass Niagara Fall...Figure 10.6 “ The four known species of bush wren in New Zealand are, b...Figure 10.7 The introduction of Nile perch to Lake Victoria led to the extir...Figure 10.8 (a) White‐nose syndrome (WNS) has had a devastating effect on se...Figure 10.9 The giant weta, a huge flightless insect weighing up to 70 g, is...Figure 10.10 (a) Volunteer divers participate in lionfish derbies in an effo...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 These maps depict global patterns of bird species distribution. ...Figure 11.2 The idea of focusing
