rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_6f55eed2-5aa0-551c-9ea3-0dc717321b54">Figure 2.11 Comparative diagram of the theories put forward by Sandstedt (19...Figure 2.12 Higher magnification image from Oppenheim’s article (1944) showi...Figure 2.13 Higher magnification image of hemorrhage as portrayed in Oppenhe...Figure 2.14 Hyalinization reaction as portrayed in Oppenheim (1944). The ost...Figure 2.15 Cell free areas as shown by Reitan (1960). The figure shows pres...Figure 2.16 (A) Formation of cells and capillaries in hyalinized tissue afte...Figure 2.17 The constriction of a blood vessel by the periodontal fibers. Th...Figure 2.18 The lodgment of minute gas bubbles at small radii of curvature. ...Figure 2.19 Behavior of bone during orthodontic tooth movement. The net forc...Figure 2.20 Results of a typical intact bone‐streaming potential (mV) in pH ...Figure 2.21 Transverse section, 6 μm thick, of a 1‐year‐old female cat’s man...Figure 2.22 Transverse section, 6 μm thick, of a 1‐year‐old female cat’s man...Figure 2.23 Constant direct current, 20 μA, noninvasively, to the gingival a...Figure 2.24 The number of alveolar bone osteoblasts bordering the PDL (±SEM)...3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Photomicrographs of the normal PDL in a dog, showing the main ori...Figure 3.2 Photomicrograph of the bone matrix, showing osteocyte lacuna and ...Figure 3.3 Fluid flow (arrows) after the application of an orthodontic force...Figure 3.4 The transposition of a dog premolar during the first 5 hours afte...Figure 3.5 Integrin and its subunits.Figure 3.6 The focal adhesion complex.Figure 3.7 The nucleus‐related part of the cytoskeleton.Figure 3.8 General time–displacement curve of OTM.Figure 3.9 Photomicrograph of the PDL after orthodontic force application fo...Figure 3.10 Photomicrographs of the leading side of orthodontically moving p...Figure 3.11 Photomicrograph of the trailing side of orthodontically moving p...Figure 3.12 Summary of the remodeling processes at the leading side. Fibrobl...Figure 3.13 The RANK/RANKL/OPG system. The RANKL that is secreted by fibrobl...Figure 3.14 An active osteoclast.Figure 3.15 Summary of the remodeling processes at the trailing side. Fibrob...Figure 3.16 Theoretical model of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) based on t...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Initial effects of orthodontic forces on paradental tissues.Figure 4.2 Immunohistochemical localization of the cytokine IL‐1α in a 6 μm ...Figure 4.3 Immunohistochemical staining for RANKL in PDL after 7 days during...Figure 4.4 Immunohistochemical staining for CGRP in cat PDL after canine ret...Figure 4.5 (a) Schematic presentation of inflammation in the PDL cells resul...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 The cellular and molecular pathways, starting with strain relaxat...Figure 5.2 A longitudinal section of the cervical part of the tooth presenti...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Genetic patterning to produce craniofacial ossification centers i...Figure 6.2 Endochondral bone formation via hyaline cartilage is associated w...Figure 6.3 Intramembranous bone formation produces a woven or lamellar struc...Figure 6.4 Vascular invasion of the cartilage anlage for a long bone occurs ...Figure 6.5 A wedge of a cortical bone that is growing to the left demonstrat...Figure 6.6 The early postnatal growth of the maxillary complex up until the ...Figure 6.7 An enlarged drawing demonstrates the primary growth mechanism of ...Figure 6.8 After the body of the mandible forms by the intramembranous mecha...Figure 6.9 A photomicrograph of a cross‐section through the mandible of a mo...Figure 6.10 The concentric pairs of bright lines (arrows) are double tetracy...Figure 6.11 A series of multifluorochome labels at 7‐day intervals in rabbit...Figure 6.12 A series of multiple fluorochrome labels at 2‐week intervals dem...Figure 6.13 The integration of anabolic and catabolic modeling (M) activity ...Figure 6.14 A longitudinal section through a cutting/filling cone in cortica...Figure 6.15 The bone physiology associated with translation of a tooth. Note...Figure 6.16 With respect to environmental adaptation of bone, the basic cell...Figure 6.17 The vascular origin of bone cells. Note that osteoclasts are der...Figure 6.18 (a) A hemisection of a cutting/filling cone moving to the left d...Figure 6.19 Frost’s mechanostat shows the relationship of dynamic loading an...Figure 6.20 (a) A Trabecular bone remodeling over a 1‐year interval shows th...Figure 6.21 Trabecular bone remodeling in the vertebrae in a rat: multiple f...Figure 6.22 Early postnatal development of the craniofacial complex involves...Figure 6.23 Late postnatal development of the face is under functional influ...Figure 6.24 TMJ development in the prenatal period involves the primary grow...Figure 6.25 Continuous osseous adaptation of the TMJ occurs over a lifetime ...Figure 6.26 The mandibular condyle and the temporal fossa of the TMJ can cha...Figure 6.27 Premolar movement to the right in a monkey illustrates frontal b...Figure 6.28 Initiation of tooth movement is a set of bone modeling reactions...Figure 6.29 (a) The histological picture of undermining remodeling is relate...Figure 6.30 In the direction of tooth movement, catabolic and anabolic model...Figure 6.31 Subperiosteal formation in the direction of tooth movement is a ...Figure 6.32 During progressive tooth movement, PDL catabolic modeling is dri...Figure 6.33 As the tooth moves away from the supporting alveolar bone, catab...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Bone interacts with many organs – the functions played by skeleta...Figure 7.2 The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is involved in bone formation...Figure 7.3 Osteoclast differentiation and function. (a) Formation of multinu...Figure 7.4 Sex steroid synthesis. Cholesterol is, through several steps, conv...Figure 7.5 Sex‐hormone signaling pathways. The sex‐hormone receptors (SR) ca...Figure 7.6 Pathways involved in sex hormone receptor mediated bone anabolic ...Figure 7.7 Impact of strain on osteoclast formation and activity. Loaded/str...Figure 7.8 Bone formation as visualized and measured with dual fluorescent l...Figure 7.9 The effect of mechanical load on bone cells. When female mouse bo...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Temporary anchorage devices are applied for the correction of var...Figure
