Industrial Carbon and Graphite Materials
Raw Materials, Production and Applications
Edited by
Hubert Jäger and Wilhelm Frohs
Volume 1
Industrial Carbon and Graphite Materials
Raw Materials, Production and Applications
Edited by
Hubert Jäger and Wilhelm Frohs
Volume 2
Editors
Prof. Dr. Hubert Jäger Technical University Dresden Institute of Lightweight Engineering and Polymer Technology Holbeinstr. 3 01307 Dresden Germany
Dr. Wilhelm Frohs SGL Carbon GmbH Werner‐von‐Siemens‐Str. 18 86405 Meitingen Germany
Cover credits Cover pictures kindly provided by SGL CARBON GmbH, Meitingen Germany
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Preface
Carbon materials have a long history in human societies. The history reaches from a dye pigment for cave painting to electrical and thermal conductors in big‐scale industrial processes. The modern production of iron, steel, and aluminum would not be possible without industrial carbon materials like graphite electrodes, carbon anodes, and refractory materials. Further, modern electronics would not exist without the help of graphite materials during their production. Finally, stiff and lightweight structures can be obtained with carbon fiber reinforced composites. Bulk materials like carbon blacks are essential for automotive tires and for paints and in the rubber industry. Activated carbon materials help keep our environment clean. Mentioning all the other plentiful applications would go beyond the scope.
With nanoscaled allotropes, the element carbon is just recently reinventing itself. Two Nobel Prizes were granted for fullerenes and graphenes. Prominent industrial applications are expected to follow.
However, in general the knowledge about industrial carbon and graphite materials is restricted to a small community of experts. In fact, information about their raw materials, production, and applications are not easily available in one comprehensive compendium. Information has to be gathered from various sources. For many decades, the Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Technical Chemistry has been one of these sources.
Thus, the editors combined updated single existing chapters of the Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Technical Chemistry to the backbone of one comprehensive book about technical carbon and graphite materials. New chapters have been added to complete the overview.
The content of the book is completed by the IUPAC nomenclature on carbon as a solid.
This book is addressed to a widened circle of interested people from academia, students, and commercial and technical employees in various industries.
The editors thank all authors for their support and the publisher for his uncomplaining cooperation.
The Editors, June 2018
Hubert Jäger
Wilhelm Frohs
1 Introduction: The Future of Carbon Materials – The Industrial Perspective
Hubert Jäger1, Wilhelm Frohs2, and Tilo Hauke2
1 Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Lightweigth Engineering and Polymer Technology (ILK), Hohlbein Street 3, Dresden, 01307, Germany
2 SGL Carbon GmbH, Werner‐von‐Siemens‐Street 18, 86405 Meitingen, Germany
1.1 Overview
This chapter provides information about the industrial importance of various carbon and graphite materials. Carbon and graphite materials are mostly unknown to the public. They are obvious in few consumer products only, such as lead pencils, or in sporting goods as carbon fibers, for example.
In contrast, the importance of carbon materials for the production of iron, steel, and aluminum is not common knowledge. The iron, steel, and aluminum industry created in 2011 a global market value of around 1100 billion €. This is equivalent to around 50% of the value of the global annual crude oil production. Although we will not consider metallurgical coke in this chapter, the market value should be mentioned; it is around 155 billion €. Also not considered here are carbon black (11 billion €) and activated carbon (1.8 billion €). The market value of carbon materials in total (without metallurgical coke) is at around 42 billion € (Figure 1.1). The biggest contributor with a market value of 18 billion € is carbon anodes for aluminum electrolysis. Within
