121–42.5 Shimron, B. 1979. “Ein Wortspiel mit HOMOIOI bei Herodot.” RhM 122.2: 131–33.
ARCHIDAMUS (Ἀρχίδημος, ὁ) son of Anaxandrides
CHRISTOPHER BARON
University of Notre Dame
Son of Anaxandrides, member of the Eurypontid royal house at SPARTA. Herodotus mentions Archidamus in his GENEALOGY of LEOTYCHIDES II (8.131.2). The king‐list given by the Roman‐era author Pausanias differs here (3.7–10; see Carlier 1984, 316–17), but there seems no reason to emend Herodotus’ text in order to place Archidamus in the junior branch (Bowie 2007, 219–20).
SEE ALSO: Anaxandrides son of Theopompus; Euryp(h)on; Leotychides son of Anaxilaus
REFERENCES
1 Bowie, A. M., ed. 2007. Herodotus: Histories Book VIII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2 Carlier, Pierre. 1984. La royauté en Grèce avant Alexandre. Strasbourg: AECR.
ARCHIDAMUS (Ἀρχίδημος, ὁ) son of Zeuxidamus
SARAH BOLMARCICH
Arizona State University
Archidamus II, king of SPARTA at the outbreak of the PELOPONNESIAN WAR in 431 BCE, was the son of ZEUXIDAMUS and grandson of the Eurypontid king LEOTYCHIDES II. Zeuxidamus predeceased Leotychides, who then married Archidamus to the daughter of his second marriage, LAMPITO, in order to shore up his grandson’s claim to the throne (6.71). Archidamus became king around 469 and ruled until 427. When the Peloponnesian War began, it was Archidamus who led the first two Spartan invasions of Attica. The first phase of the war is thus known as the Archidamian War.
SEE ALSO: Date of Composition
FURTHER READING
1 Bloedow, Edmund F. 1983. “Archidamus the ‘Intelligent’ Spartan.” Klio 65: 27–49.
2 Kagan, Donald. 1990. The Archidamian War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
3 Poralla, Paul. 1985. A Prosopography of Lacedaemonians from the Earliest Times to the Death of Alexander the Great (X–323 B.C.). 2nd edition, edited by Alfred S. Bradford, pp. 32–33. Chicago: Ares.
ARCHIDICE (Ἀρχιδίκη, ἡ)
CHRISTOPHER BARON
University of Notre Dame
A courtesan (hetaira) in NAUCRATIS, a Greek settlement in EGYPT. Near the end of his DIGRESSION on the courtesan RHODOPIS (to whom one of the PYRAMIDS at Giza had been falsely attributed on account of her immense WEALTH and FAME), Herodotus notes that the courtesans in Naucratis “have a certain tendency to be charming (epaphroditos).” He gives Archidice as an example of one whose fame was celebrated in song throughout Greece, though she was less “notorious” (perileskhēneutos, the only occurrence of the word in extant ancient Greek literature) than her predecessor Rhodopis (2.135.5). Naucratis was the major port of call in Egypt, and worship of APHRODITE was prominent (Gutzwiller 2010, 135–36). An inscription on the foot of a vase discovered at Naucratis in the 1890s (Hogarth et al. 1898–99, 56 and plate V, no. 108) reads Ἀρ]χεδικη, that is, (Ar)chedice, the spelling of her name which is found in later authors (Ath. 13.596d–e; Ael. VH 12.63).
SEE ALSO: Epigraphy; Prostitution; Sex; Women in the Histories
REFERENCES
1 Gutzwiller, Kathryn. 2010. “The Demon Mosquito.” ZPE 174: 133–38.
2 Hogarth, D. G., C. C. Edgar, and Clement Gutch. 1898–99. “Excavations at Naukratis.” ABSA 5: 26–97.
FURTHER READING
1 Kurke, Leslie. 1999. Coins, Bodies, Games, and Gold: The Politics of Meaning in Archaic Greece, 220–27. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
ARCHILOCHUS (Ἀρχίλοχος, ὁ)
CHARLES C. CHIASSON
University of Texas at Arlington
Archilochus was a poet from the island of PAROS, active in the second half of the seventh century BCE, whose fragmentary verses address a wide variety of topics, project a passionate but unsentimental persona, and demonstrate great poetic skill (including a notorious gift for invective). Herodotus cites Archilochus only once (1.12), for mentioning the contemporary Lydian king GYGES SON OF DASCYLUS (c. 680–644) in a poem—a citation ostensibly intended to help Herodotus’ Greek AUDIENCE identify a long‐deceased foreign monarch.
In one of his best‐known narratives, Herodotus tells how Gyges founded the Mermnad dynasty by killing CANDAULES and marrying his widowed queen (1.8–12). At the end of the story, Herodotus describes Gyges as one “whom in fact Archilochus of Paros, living at the same time, mentioned in an iambic trimeter poem” (1.12.2). (Four lines of the poem survive: see Gerber 1999 F19.) The authenticity of this citation has been questioned: Asheri (in ALC, 84) considers it a post‐Herodotean interpolation because of its “technical” metrical terminology, and because no such clarification would have been necessary for a king as well known as Gyges was during Herodotus’ day. However, there are parallels for Herodotus’ specifying the meter or genre of poetic sources that he cites (e.g., SAPPHO at 2.135, SOLON at 5.113.2), possibly to indicate the degree of their historical RELIABILITY (Boedeker 2000). Moreover, the historical grounding provided by Archilochus’ contemporary witness initiates a transition between the “mythical” narrative mode of the Gyges story (whose details are scarcely factual) and the “historical” narrative mode of its sequel, the political agreement brokered by DELPHI between the Lydians and Gyges’ partisans (Baragwanath 2019).
SEE ALSO: Authority, Narrative; Lydia; Mermnadae; Poetry
REFERENCES
1 Baragwanath, Emily. 2019. “Myth and History Entwined: Female Influence and Male Usurpation in Herodotus’ Histories.” In Historical Consciousness and the Use of the Past in the Ancient World, edited by John Baines, Henriette van der Blom, Yi Samuel Chen, and Tim Rood, 293–311. Sheffield: Equinox.
2 Boedeker, Deborah. 2000. “Herodotus’s Genre(s).” In Matrices of Genre: Authors, Canons and Society, edited by Mary Depew and Dirk Obbink, 97–114. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3 Gerber, Douglas, ed. 1999. Greek Iambic Poetry. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
ARCHITECTURE (TEMPLES)
ROBIN F. RHODES
University of Notre Dame
When Herodotus wrote his Histories the Ionic and Doric orders had only
