Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Program Management and Specialty Areas of Practice. Группа авторов

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237 103.2 0.00969 261 93.7 0.01067 285 85.8 0.01166 238 102.7 0.00973 262 93.3 0.01072 286 85.5 0.01170 239 102.3 0.00978 263 93.0 0.01076 287 85.2 0.01174 240 101.9 0.00982 264 92.6 0.01080 288 84.9 0.01178 241 101.5 0.00986 265 92.3 0.01084 289 84.6 0.01182 242 101.0 0.00990 266 91.9 0.01088 290 84.3 0.01186 243 100.6 0.00994 267 91.6 0.01092 291 84.0 0.01190 244 100.2 0.00998 268 91.2 0.01096 292 83.7 0.01194 245 99.8 0.01002 269 90.9 0.01100 293 83.4 0.01198 246 99.4 0.01006 270 90.6 0.01104 294 83.2 0.01202 247 99.0 0.01010 271 90.2 0.01108 295 82.9 0.01207 248 98.6 0.01014 272 89.9 0.01112 296 82.6 0.01211 249 98.2 0.01018 273 89.6 0.01117 297 82.3 0.01215 250 97.8 0.01022 274 89.2 0.01121 298 82.0 0.01219 251 97.4 0.01027 275 88.9 0.01125 299 81.8 0.01223 252 97.0 0.01031 276 88.6 0.01129 300 81.5 0.01227

      ^a A. C. Fieldner, S. H. Katz, and S. P. Kinney, “Gas Masks for Gases Met in Fighting Fires,” U.S.

      Bureau of Mines, Technical Paper No. 248, 1921.

Part VII Program Management

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

      CHARLES F. REDINGER PH.D. MPA CIH FAIHA, ALAN J. LEIBOWITZ MS CIH CSP FAIHA, AND VICTOR M. TOY MPH CIH CSP FAIHA

INTRODUCTION

      “If you want to teach people a new way of thinking, don't bother to teach them. Instead, give them a tool, the use of which will lead to new ways of thinking” (1).

      Buckminster Fuller, Systems Theorist

      This chapter provides an overview of system‐related concepts, ideas, and applications in organizations, with an emphasis on occupational health and safety management systems (OHSMS). While historical nuances of both organizational management systems (MS) and OHSMS are provided, the focus here is on practices and frameworks that provide value to industrial hygienists and other occupational health and safety (OH&S) professionals.

      OH&S management is multifaceted and over time has gotten more complex due to a host of factors, some of which include: advances in technology; globalization; evolving/new workplace risk factors; shorter production cycles; and, pressure for transparency. Increasingly, OH&S professionals are challenged to understand and keep pace not only with national regulations but with international and nongovernmental organization (NGO) standards. Many professionals have found that MS approaches provide a means to organize, understand, and integrate this increasing complex mix of technical, management, and organizational culture issues.

      Inputs, process(es), outputs, and feedback mechanisms are the basic components of a system. Most, if not all, facets of life can be viewed from a system perspective. Ecology, biology, psychology, engineering, and computer science are examples of disciplines that have defined system aspects. In organizational science, systems thinking is a relatively new distinction and area of practice. Organizations themselves can be viewed a system; there are materials, resources, etc. that are inputs to an organization's processes that align with its mission and objectives. There are outputs such as products and services. Management of an organization involves a multitude of systems that are linked, and, in theory, coordinate to support the fulfillment of the organization's

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