To our mothers, Himêra, Diana and Ayesha
Preface
Increased needs for electrical energy as well as environmental concerns besides growing attempts to reduce dependency on fossil fuel resources have caused power system industries all around the world to set an ambitious target of renewable generation. Therefore, the capacity of installed inverter‐based distributed generators (DGs) and renewable energy sources (RESs), individually or through the microgrids (MGs), in power systems is rapidly growing; and this increases the significance of renewable integrated power system stability and control as a challenging issue.
It is well known that low penetration of MGs/DGs has little influence on host grid stability and dynamics and thus the associated dynamics could be studied through simple power flow analysis. However, modern power grids face new technical challenges arising from the increasing penetration of power‐electronic‐interfaced MGs/DGs. Increasing renewable power penetration level may adversely affect frequency response, voltage and system control and lead to degraded performance of traditional control schemes. This, in turn, may result in large deviations and, potentially, system instability.
Moreover, the increasing penetration of inverter‐interfaced DGs motivates the need to develop additional ancillary services to control undesired system dynamics. Advanced control of grid‐connected MGs, however, has the potential to offset the intermittent nature of distributed energy resources and provide control support to the host utility during emergency conditions. To this end, new trends in power system modeling and dynamic equivalencing should be discussed.
In response to the above mentioned challenges, this book provides a comprehensive coverage of penetrated power grid dynamic analysis, data‐driven estimation, modeling, and control synthesis. This book summarizes a long‐term academic/industry research outcome and contributions and is influenced by the authors’ practical experiences on power system dynamics and stability, MGs, electric network monitoring, and control and power electronic systems in several countries, universities, and power electric companies. The book also provides a thorough understanding of the basic principles of the penetrated power system modeling, model order reduction, and grid‐connected MG equivalent model derivation.
One of the main parts of this book covers the modeling of power systems using PMU data for the purpose of renewable integrated dynamics identification and parameters estimation issues, as well as oscillation damping, voltage control, and frequency control design problems. For this purpose, in addition to real network data, several standard IEEE power system models are used as benchmarks for generating data that are used in system identification. Furthermore, in addition to dynamic stability analysis and controller synthesis, inertia challenge requirements and control levels are discussed, and recent advances in visualization of virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) and the associated effects on system performance are addressed.
This book could be useful for engineers and operators working on power systems dynamic, control, and operation, as well as postgraduate students and academic researchers. The book describes renewable integrated power system dynamics modeling and control issues from introductory to the advanced steps. This book is organized into eight chapters.
Chapter 1 discusses the term of power system stability and control with an updated brief review on the areas of frequency, voltage, and angle controls, concerning the penetration of RESs/DGs. In response to the existing challenges in penetration of more RESs/DGs to the grid, the necessity of using data‐driven modeling, parameters estimation, and control synthesis in wide‐area power systems is emphasized; a general scheme for wide‐area measurement system and wide‐area control is described.
Chapter 2 deals with dynamic equivalencing of penetrated power grid. Several methods are introduced to model the host grid as well as the distribution network. A center of gravity (COG)‐based equivalent model is addressed to represent the power system dynamic behavior in terms of slow power and frequency dynamics. The relationship between the frequency of the COG and the motion of local centers of angle is analytically determined to compute local frequency deviations following major disturbances.
Chapter 3 addresses the power grid stability analysis from frequency, small signal and voltage points of view. Some analytical approaches have been discussed to determine maximum penetration level of MGs concerning the upward system stability. The given methods explicitly rely on the basic power system equations which, in turn, make the proposed indices completely independent of the test case; and this helps to solve the associated difficulties with the system dimensions.
Chapter 4 explains the VSG concept and its applications in renewable integrated power grids. The positive dynamic impacts of VSGs in a power system are discussed, and recent relevant achievements in the application of the advanced control methods in emulating virtual inertia are clarified. Afterwards, according to relevant dynamical metrics, dispatchable inertia is optimally placed in the system to enhance system stability and dynamics performance.
Chapter 5 examines the application of a measurement‐based analysis technique to identify voltage control areas in renewable integrated power systems. The proposed technique combines the inherent abilities of graph theoretical techniques with spectral clustering and visualization methods to identify voltage control areas and reconstruct system behavior. The evaluation of voltage stability problems is done using both static and dynamic techniques. Numerical relevant issues are also discussed.
Chapter 6 proposes advanced control schemes rely on inertia manipulation in the system to improve frequency, voltage, and small signal stabilities. The proposed control approaches, which use stochastic equivalent model of power system (to enable high penetration levels of MGs), combine an adaptive dispatch strategy for energy storage systems with an MG‐controlled islanding scheme to provide stability support for the host power grid.
Chapter 7 addresses some important issues in understanding the oscillatory performance of wind and solar PV penetrated power systems. A fundamental study of the characterization of power system dynamic behavior with increased RESs is presented. The study is motivated by the need to further clarify the participation of wind and PV farms in inter‐area oscillations. The performance of data‐driven model extraction techniques using two simple and complex power system examples is evaluated. Some analytical criteria to describe the energy relationships in the observed oscillations are derived, and a physical interpretation for the system modes is suggested.
Chapter 8 describes an experience in the analysis of wind and solar integration in a large‐scale practical power system to examine the impact of high variable renewable generation on power system security. Both active and reactive power control strategies are considered. The study assesses the impact of large amount of wind and PV on system dynamics and identifies ways of improving system dynamic performance and stability through control and operating practices.
Hêmin Golpîra, University of Kurdistan Arturo Román‐Messina, The Center for Research and Advanced Studies of IPN Hassan Bevrani, University of Kurdistan January 2021
Acknowledgments
Most of the contributions, outcomes, and insight presented in this book were achieved through a long-term teaching and research cooperation on the renewable integrated power systems over the last 15 years. The materials given in the present book are mainly the research outcomes and original results of authors in Smart/Micro Grids Research Center‐SMGRC, University of Kurdistan (Sanandaj, Iran) and in The
