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509 BCE
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Founding of the Republic; first public games, the ludi Romani, held in Rome; inauguration of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
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480 BCE
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Tomb of the Diver, Paestum
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474 BCE
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Battle of Cumae, Greeks defeat Etruscans
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470 BCE
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Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia
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396 BCE
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Romans besiege and defeat Veii, one of the twelve major Etruscan cities
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390 BCE
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Gallic sack of Rome
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386 BCE
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“Servian wall” built around Rome
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364 BCE
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First theatrical performance in Rome
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338 BCE
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Ostia, Rome’s first colony, established
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300 BCE
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Bronze bust of a man “Brutus”
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273 BCE
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Colonies at Paestum and Cosa founded
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264 BCE
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The first gladiatorial games in Rome at the funeral of Junius Brutus Pera
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264–241 BCE
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First Punic War
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218–202 BCE
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Second Punic War
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212 BCE
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Sack of Syracuse
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211 BCE
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Triumph of Marcus Claudius Marcellus
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168 BCE
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Battle of Pydna, victory of Aemilius Paullus over Perseus of Macedon
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146 BCE
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Destruction of Carthage and Corinth
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91–88 BCE
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Social War
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89 BCE
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Siege of Pompeii by Sulla
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80 BCE
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Founding of Roman colony of Pompeii by Sulla; House of the Faun renovated; amphitheater and basilica begun at Pompeii
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73–71 BCE
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Revolt of Spartacus
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62 BCE
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Pons Fabricius built
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61 BCE
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Pompey’s Triple Triumph
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55 BCE
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Pompey’s Theater, first permanent theater in Rome, built
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46 BCE
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Forum of Caesar dedicated
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44 BCE
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Assassination of Julius Caesar
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40 BCE
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Decoration of Mysteries Suite in the Villa of the Mysteries
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31 BCE
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Battle of Actium, Octavian/Augustus defeats Antony and Cleopatra
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28 BCE
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Mausoleum of Augustus begun; Temple of Apollo dedicated
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27 BCE
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Octavian takes the name Imperator Caesar Augustus; Livy’s monumental History of Rome begins appearing
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20 BCE
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Original of the Prima Porta Augustus statue; recovery of the military standards from Parthia
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19 BCE
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Death of Roman poet, Vergil, publication of his Aeneid
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15 BCE
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Vitruvius writes his book on architecture; earliest examples of Third Style wall painting; construction of Caesarea Maritima
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14 BCE
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Basilica Aemilia reliefs
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13 BCE
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Ara Pacis Augustae vowed
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12 BCE
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Augustus becomes Pontifex Maximus; Via Labicana portrait
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9 BCE
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Ara Pacis Augustae inaugurated
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2 BCE
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Forum Augustum inaugurated
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14 CE
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Death of Augustus; succession of Tiberius
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14–37 CE
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Tiberius as emperor
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20–26 CE
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Tiberius resides at Sperlonga; sculpture groups created
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37–41 CE
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Caligula as emperor
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37 CE
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Portrait of Caligula
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41–54 CE
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Claudius as emperor
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43 CE
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Invasion of Britain
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c. 51 CE
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Grand Camée; Ravenna relief
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52 CE
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Porta Maggiore gate constructed
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54–68 CE
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Nero as emperor
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59 CE
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Amphitheater riot at Pompeii
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62 CE
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Earthquake along the Bay of Naples that extensively damaged Pompeii; Domus Transitoria of Nero
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after 62 CE
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Temple of Isis and House of Octavius Quartio rebuilt at Pompeii
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64 CE
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Great fire in Rome; Domus Aurea of Nero begun
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69–79
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