Current distribution (Figure 1.6) shows current flow and hotspot for radiating element at the lower frequency end (780 MHz, Figure 1.6a) and the upper frequency end (1880 MHz, Figure 1.6b) for the proposed reconfigurable PIFA. Low and high bands have individual hotspots which can tune each band separately. Different sections of the radiator employ mutual coupling to obtain better matching and bandwidth.
Simulated and measured reflection coefficient magnitudes for the lower reconfigurable bands are compared in Figure 1.7a. It can be observed that the antenna is matched well below −7 dB between 704 and 960 MHz which includes the reconfigurable states of LTE 17, 13, 14, GSM, and EGSM. Similarly, Figure 1.7b shows the simulated and measured matching for the high‐frequency band. Once again, it can be observed that the antenna consistently maintains the matching level between 1710 and 2690 MHz better than −7 dB for all the switch states.
The 3D radiation patterns and total antenna efficiency were measured using the Satimo chamber. The total efficiency for the reconfigurable stages at the lower frequency bands and the consistent higher band is shown in Figure 1.8a and b, respectively. This efficiency takes care of all the possible losses in the antenna such as mismatch loss, Ohmic and dielectric losses, and losses due to the PIN diodes and bias components. The antenna efficiency is above 50% for all the switching states in the lower band and the higher band. The simulated and measured efficiencies agree reasonably well except toward edges of the bands.
Figure 1.6 Surface current distribution for (a) 780 MHz in lower frequency band and (b) 1880 MHz in upper frequency band.
The simulated (Figure 1.9a, c, e, g) and measured (Figure 1.9b, d, f, h) 3D radiation pattern for the lower reconfigurable bands for the selected 720, 770, 850, and 910 MHz is shown in Figure 1.9. Similarly, simulated (Figure 1.10a, c, e, g) and measured (Figure 1.10b, d, f, h) 3D radiation pattern for the higher consistent bands for the selected 1710, 1880, 2100, and 2600 MHz is shown in Figure 1.10. From these figures, it can be observed that the patterns are near omnidirectional except toward the higher frequency end, where patterns show slight multilobes and nulls. In all the cases, realized peak gain is positive and around 2 dBi for both simulated and measured cases. Further, the patterns toward the higher end show some directionality due to the ground plane effect which tends to push the radiated energy in a direction causing diversity that is helpful when the MIMO antenna system is implemented.
Figure 1.7 Comparison of the simulated (solid lines) and measured (dash lines) reflection coefficient magnitudes against specifications of the (a) lower 4G LTE frequency reconfigurable bands and (b) consistent higher frequency bands.
Figure 1.8 The simulated (solid lines) and measured (dash lines) total antenna efficiencies for (a) the reconfigurable states of the lower 4G bands and (b) the consistent higher frequency band.
Figure 1.9 Simulated (a, c, e, g) and measured (b, d, f, h) near‐omnidirectional 3D radiation pattern at (a, b) 720 MHz, (c, d) 770 MHz, (e, f) 850 MHz, and (g, h) 910 MHz.
Figure 1.10 Simulated (a, c, e, g) and measured (b, d, f, h) near‐omnidirectional 3D radiation pattern at (a, b) 1710 MHz, (c, d) 1880 MHz, (e, f) 2100 MHz, and (g, h) 2600 MHz.
1.7 Frequency Agile/Tunable Antenna
A frequency agile or tunable antenna can be realized by integrating tunable RF components such as varactor diodes or RF micro‐electro‐mechanical‐systems (MEMS) variable capacitors in an antenna structure. Like a reconfigurable antenna, such antennas also require necessary bias networks such as those implemented in [2] and shown in Figure 1.4a–c and hence is not repeated again. The antenna impedance and radiation mechanism depends on the variation in effective permittivity which in turn is related to the change in capacitance variation. Frequency (f) of an antenna can be described as follows:
(1.1)
where L and C are the inductance and capacitance of an antenna.
To demonstrate mechanism of such an antenna, an example is now discussed from [5]. The antenna utilizes a
