with all governments producing distributive policies (that apparently benefit all, and thus have low political costs), but just left‐wing governments producing redistributive policies (that clearly benefit some at the expense of others).9 9 Like many other processes, policy resilience is also influenced by actors and processes located at other levels, as we discuss later.
10 10 Table I.2, at the end of the introduction documents the information, already advancing details covered by the chapters.
11 11 To calculate the incidences cited here, we coded the information per policy and government into three different tables. All cells were initially coded 0 but were altered to 1 if that government: had initiated or reinitiated that policy considering all implementation intensities; considering only medium and robust implementation; as well as whether the program merely existed (with any intensity) during that government. For restarts from latency we considered as one both reinitiating with any intensity or jumping two points in implementation, from weak to strong. The coded information allowed the calculation of distributions by ideological blocks and the cited statistical tests.
12 12 All these differences between the left and any other block (or combination) were significant at 95% in tests of average difference.
13 13 Higher averages for the left continued to be significant at 95% compared to the center‐right, right or both.
14 14 Considering all stops, additionally to reductions of intensity from strong or medium to weak implementation.
15 15 The cross‐tabulation between trajectories and types of redistribution is significant at 95% considering several statistical tests and measures.
16 16 Elections for state capitals returned in 1985, but elections for other cities continued without interruption during the dictatorship. Before 1985, mayors of state capitals (along with some other special situations) were appointed by state governors.
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