are examples of hospital organizations that may be created by, controlled by, or are closely affiliated with the government but also have dual status. Even though they are recognized as charitable organizations, dual status hospitals generally do not have a Form 990 filing requirement.44.5 In addition, they are not subject to the intermediate sanctions rules otherwise applicable to charitable organizations.44.6
However, the IRS has determined that the requirements for charitable hospitals under the Affordable Care Act apply to government hospital organizations that are recognized as charitable organizations.44.7 Based upon field examinations reported by the IRS in recent rulings, many of these public hospitals are no longer aware that they are also charitable organizations or that the Affordable Care Act obligations for charitable hospitals apply to them. In these rulings, hospitals falling into this predicament have agreed to have their charitable status revoked, finding the benefits of that determination no longer relevant, and their governmental public charity status sufficient.
A dual status entity may voluntarily terminate its charitable status.44.8 A successful termination would secure the desired result that it is no longer subject to the ACA requirements for charitable hospitals. However, this voluntary termination would not remove compliance obligations (and potential penalties for failure to comply) for tax years prior to the effective date of termination.
*§ 8.6 PANDEMIC RELIEF (NEW)
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act was passed by Congress with bipartisan support and signed into law on March 27, 2020.57 The $2.2 trillion relief package was designed to provide emergency assistance and healthcare response for individuals, families, and businesses affected by the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. The CARES Act is the largest economic stimulus package in U.S. history.
The CARES Act authorized emergency loans to distressed businesses, provided funding for forgivable bridge loans under a Paycheck Protection Program, provided stimulus funding in the form of $1,200 Economic Impact Payments (as direct payments or tax credits) to individuals, with additional $500 payments per qualifying child, and established special rules for certain tax‐favored withdrawals from retirement plans. The Act also delayed due dates for employer payroll taxes and estimated tax payments for corporations, and revised other provisions of the Internal Revenue Code including those related to losses, charitable deductions, and business interest.
Regarding health care, the CARES Act provided funding for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID‐19; limited liability for certain volunteer healthcare professionals; prioritized the review of certain drugs by the Food and Drug Administration; permitted the emergency use of certain diagnostic tests not previously approved by the FDA; increased health‐insurance coverage for diagnostic testing and required coverage for certain preventive services and vaccines; and addressed other critical healthcare needs in responding to the pandemic including through the medical supply chain, the national stockpile of healthcare equipment and supplies, the healthcare workforce, telehealth services, and Medicare and Medicaid.
Included in the overall relief package were $175 billion in Provider Relief Funds, which provided funding to healthcare providers to supplement lost revenue resulting from state‐mandated cessation of elective surgeries and outpatient services and to cover additional expenses providers incurred in responding to the COVID‐19 pandemic. These funds are not subject to repayment provided that healthcare providers receiving them meet specified criteria.
Economic Recovery Loans
Among the most noteworthy features of the CARES Act was the establishment of a series of economic recovery loans. The Small Business Administration (SBA) received funding and authority through the Act to modify existing loan programs and to establish new loan programs to assist small businesses that were adversely impacted by the COVID‐19 pandemic. This included the provision of up to $500 billion for a Main Street Lending Program to provide financial assistance to eligible businesses, states, and municipalities. The Act also expanded the Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) program, administered by the SBA, which enables low‐interest loans that are available to most nonprofit, tax‐exempt organizations. Under the program, an unsecured EIDL loan can be obtained for up to $25,000, while a secured EIDL loan may be obtained for up to $2 million.
However, the loan program that received the most public attention was a $350 billion small business loan program administered by the SBA intended to enable employers to keep their workforce employed during the COVID‐19 crisis during the early days of the pandemic (from February 15 through August 8, 2020). Under a new Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), the CARES Act temporarily permitted the SBA to guarantee 100 percent of certain loans. The loans were low interest at a 1 percent fixed rate annually, repayable over a two‐year period. The PPP also provides for forgiveness of up to the full principal amount of qualifying loans. In May 2020, Congress provided an additional $320 billion in funding for PPP loans.
Under the PPP, businesses with no more than 500 employees were eligible to receive loans of up to $10 million. Similar small business loans were available from the SBA prior to the CARES Act, but nonprofit organizations were not eligible for them. The loan amounts are fully forgivable provided that the loan proceeds are used to cover payroll costs, mortgage interest, rent, and utility costs over an eight‐week period after the loan is made and employee and compensation levels are maintained.
In most cases, hospitals are among the largest employers in their communities and would not be eligible for such loans. However, smaller rural hospitals (particularly critical access hospitals), as well as development foundations that support them, and healthcare associations commonly have fewer than 500 employees and many took advantage of this opportunity.
Highly unusual was the implementation of this massive program in an extremely short period of time, as well as the informality of the guidance process used to implement the program. The initial tranche of $350 billion was made available within a week's time with virtually no guidance and minimal paperwork. Rather than roll out the program with a notice of proposed rulemaking or a detailed procedural notice, the initial and primary guidance was provided in the form of a frequently asked questions (FAQ) sheet posted on the SBA and Treasury websites. This was perhaps necessary in order to be able to roll out the stimulus program as quickly as possible, given the economic distress caused by the COVID pandemic and the resulting lockdowns of businesses. However, the guidance provided under the FAQs shifted substantially during the period of the program and different interpretations of qualification for the loans applied, depending on when the loans were applied for and the issuance date of the relevant FAQ. As a court recently concluded in a non‐PPP case where the IRS also used FAQs for primary guidance, such attempts at rulemaking are not what was contemplated by the Administrative Procedure Act and are vulnerable to findings that they were arbitrary and capricious.58
One FAQ addressed an issue that often arises for nonprofit hospitals in other tax exemption contexts: whether nonprofit hospitals exempt from taxation under section 115 of the Internal Revenue Code (as instrumentalities of government) qualify as “nonprofit organizations” under section 1102 of the CARES Act.59 The SBA answered that section 1102 of the CARES Act defines the term nonprofit organization as “an organization that is described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and that is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of such Code.” The answer notes, however, that the SBA understands that “nonprofit hospitals exempt from taxation under section
