1.4 Typical plot of a sigmoidal curve. Example ϕ = I 1/I 3 (rati...Figure 1.5 Plot of logarithm (aggregation number) vs logarithm (alkyl chain ...Scheme 1.2 Structure of synthetized gemini surfactants.Figure 1.6 Structure of viscosin.Figure 1.7 Structure of biosurfactants monorhamnose and dirhamnose rhamnolip...Figure 1.8 Chemical structures of the acidic (AS) and lactonic (LS) C18:1 so...Figure 1.9 Schematic structure of a surfactin.2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Application of the metagenomic technique for environmental manage...Figure 2.2 Collation of metagenomics and DNA stable isotope probe (DNA‐SIP):...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Schematic representation of the adhesion of bio surfactant molecu...Figure 3.2 Key stages used for bioproduct formation in bioreactor.Figure 3.3 Diagrammatic presentation of one stage and two stage fermentation...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Biosurfactant mediated heavy metal remediation.Figure 4.2 Classification of biosurfactants and the respective producing mic...Figure 4.3 Structure of dirhamnolipid.Figure 4.4 Structure of sophorolipids.Figure 4.5 Structure of surfactin.
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Schematic representation of in situ Microbial Enhanced Oil Recove...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Overview of the prominent degradation pathways for aliphatic and ...Figure 6.2 Mode of action of biosurfactants for enhanced hydrocarbon degrada...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Major sources of PAHs in the environment.Figure 7.2 Biodegradation pathway of PAHs by microorganisms.Figure 7.3 Biosurfactant‐enhanced PAH degradation mechanism.
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Schematic representing the types of biosurfactant based on ionic ...Figure 8.2 The structures of some of the most well‐studied biosurfactants be...Figure 8.3 Mechanism of action of biosurfactants to enhance the solubility a...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Graphic representation of typical (bio)surfactant molecules, such...Figure 9.2 Different types of biosurfactants.Figure 9.3 Different types of agro‐industrial wastes used as carbon/nitrogen...Figure 9.4 Biosurfacatnt production, optimization, and nanoparticle synthesi...Figure 9.5 Applications of nanoparticles in various potential fields.
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Applications of synthetic colloids.Figure 10.2 Structures of amino acid‐based surfactants. (a) Linear amino aci...Figure 10.3 Formation of pseudo double‐chain surfactants from monocatenary a...Figure 10.4 Typical phase diagrams of catanionic mixtures.Figure 10.5 Single chain and double chain arginine‐based surfactants used to...Figure 10.6 Cryo‐TEM micrographs of samples prepared with ALA. (a) Coexisten...Figure 10.7 Schematic representation of the molecular structure of lysine‐ a...Figure 10.8 Schematic representation of the head groups’ distance in an anio...Figure 10.9 Reduction viability (Viab) and flow cytometry (FC) results of tr...Figure 10.10 Reduction viability (Viab) and flow cytometry (FC) results of t...Figure 10.11 Relationship between surfactant hemolysis obtained with Licheny...Figure 10.12 Chemical structure and schematic representation of catanionic g...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Antimicrobial effects of biosurfactants: (a) Disruption of micro...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Representation of Candida biofilm virulence structure.Figure 12.2 Schematic diagram showing the top‐down and bottom‐up approaches ...Figure 12.3 Microemulsion technique of biosurfactant‐based nanoparticle synt...Figure 12.4 Different types of self‐aggregation pattern of a biosurfactant d...Figure 12.5 Schematic representation of a rhamnolipid‐based lipid hybrid pol...Figure 12.6 Schematic representation of the antibiofilm activity of biosurfa...
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Publications with continuous increases featuring biosurfactant–a...Figure 13.2 Biosurfactants help in the control of pathogenic microbes and de...Figure 13.3 Working mechanism of biosurfactant molecule on viruses like coro...
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 A schematic diagram from Joshi‐Navarre and Prabhune [61] reveali...Figure 14.2 Transition state 1: (i) The concentration of fengycin is low and...
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Different approaches of antibiofilm activity of biosurfactant ag...Figure 15.2 Steps involved in wound healing progression, which are inflammat...
16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 A schematic representation of how uses of antibiotics has driven...Figure 16.2 Schematic representation of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activi...
17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 (A) Transition to micelle and hydrogel. (B) The distribution of ...Figure 17.2 Structure of biosurfactants.Figure 17.3 Structure of lipopeptides.Figure 17.4 Hydrophobins. Amphiphilic nanotubes in the crystal structure of ...Figure 17.5 Organization of poloxamer.
18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Sophorolipid chemical structure.Figure 18.2 Rhamnolipid chemical structures (a) and (b).Figure 18.3 MEL chemical structure.Figure 18.4 Lipopeptide chemical structure.Figure 18.5 Different applications of biosurfactants in cosmetic formulation...
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Applications of the HLB value for W/O and O/W emulsions.Figure 19.2 Action of biosurfactants resulting in bacterial cell death.Figure 19.3 Improved wettability by surfactant adsorption at interfaces air/...Figure 19.4 Pigment dispersion through steric impediment.
20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Schematic depiction of the mechanism of action of SL on the myce...Figure 20.2 Structures of some of the most well‐studied biosurfactants relev...
21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Chemical structure of aflatoxin B (AFB1 and AFB2), aflatoxin G (...Figure 21.2 Chemical structure of trichothecenes of type A (T‐2 Toxin) and t...Figure 21.3 Chemical structure of different types of fumonisins.Figure 21.4 Chemical structure of ochratoxin A (OTA).Figure 21.5 Chemical structure of patulin.Figure 21.6 Chemical structure of zearalenone (ZEN).Figure 21.7 Chemical structure of the rhamnolipids congeners (m : n = 8–24) ...
22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Types of low molecular biosurfactant and its sub‐classes.Figure 22.2 Schematic representation of lipopeptidic biosurfactant against f...Figure 22.3 Diagrammatic representation of mode of action of glycolipids aga...
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