to read and write binary data from the physical interface and layer.
Similarly, in the case of a mobile communications system also, various physical transmission interfaces/media are used across the different systems, i.e. GSM to 5G, to transmit either signaling or user traffic between two network elements. Being the GRPS CN, LTE/Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and 5G as an IP network‐based system, the IP transport network is used to transmit and receive information among their network elements. Example s 3.1 and 3.2 below illustrate the typical physical interfaces found in mobile communications systems, from the GSM to the 5G system.
3.1.2 Logical Interface
In computer network programming, an interface is a logical point, such as a socket where two different applications/systems exchange information and communicate with each other in terms of a protocol data unit (PDU). Similarly, in the case of mobile communications networks also, two different network elements communicate, either signaling or user data, with each other using a set of predefined messages or PDUs. These collective PDUs or messages define the particular logical interface between two network elements.
A logical interface works on top of a particular physical interface. Using a logical interface, network entities exchange both the user data and signaling information in the form of a message or a PDU. For example, consider the GSM A‐bis interface between the BTS and BSC and the A‐interface between the BSC and the MSC. Both of these logical interfaces work on top of the physical E1 interface to transport signaling and user traffic in a GSM network. Typical signaling messages exchanged over the A‐bis interface are radio resources request and allocation to an MS and its release and so on.
Example 3.1 GSM E1 Physical Interface
One of the most commonly used physical interfaces is the E1, which is defined under the standard G.703 of ITU‐T [12]. An E1 physical interface is not only used in the mobile communications system but also used in other systems to carry voice, data, and so on. For example, E1 physical interface is used between the GSM Base Station Controller (BSC) and Base Transceiver Station (BTS); GSM BSC, and Mobile Switching Center (MSC), or between the MSC and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) for the Gs interface. An E1 physical interface has two pair/four wire cables for both Receive (RX) and Transmit (TX) purposes. The total bandwidth supported by the E1 interface is the 2 Mbps that is divided into 32 timeslots of 64 kbps each. Each 64 kbps timeslot is again divided into four sub‐timeslots. A sub‐timeslot can be allocated to a GSM voice call or General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) data communication purpose. Figure 3.1 illustrates the configuration and usages of an E1 physical interface to carry signaling as well as user traffic. Using an E1 interface, several transceivers (TRXs), along with their signaling channels, of a BTS can be configured.
Figure 3.1 Illustration: physical E1 interface configuration for GSM A‐bis interface.
Example 3.2 Mobile Communications Networks and Their Physical Air Interface
An MS/UE communicates with the RAN of the GSM/GPRS, UMTS, LTE, and 5G systems through their respective air interface between them. The air interface is the physical interface where the actual physical link/interface/transmission media used over the air interface is the radio wave. A radio wave carries the modulated information between the UE/MS and RAN and vice versa. The air interface between the MS/UE and GSM RAN, UMTS UTRAN, LTE Evolved‐UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E‐UTRAN), and 5G RAN is illustrated, in general, in Figure 3.2 below.
Figure 3.2 Illustration: physical air interface for GSM, UMTS, LTE, and 5G NR systems.
A logical interface may consist of a protocol stack that may contain several protocol layers in it. Protocol layers are grouped into a particular logical interface which is known by a particular logical interface name for ease of its identification. Examples 3.3 and 3.4 below illustrate the typical logical interfaces found in the LTE/EPS and the 5G system.
The S1 logical interface between the LTE eNodeB and EPC contains two types of protocol stacks that are used to carry signaling and user data; see Figure 3.3a and b:
User data transmission protocol, also called user plane, S1‐U.
Signaling or control plane protocol, called control plane, S1‐Application Protocol (AP).
Similarly, the NG logical interface between the 5G NG‐RAN/gNB and UPF contains two types of protocol stacks that are used to carry signaling and user data; see Figure 3.3a and b:
User data transmission protocol, also called user plane, NG‐U.
Signaling or control plane protocol, called control plane, NG‐AP.
The S1‐U or NG‐U user plane protocol stack is used to transfer user traffic or data between the respective RAN (LTE eNodeB or 5G gNB) and its CN element (LTE/EPS MME or 5G UPF). The control plane protocol stack, S1‐AP(LTE/EPS) or NG‐AP (5G), is used to transfer signaling messages between the respective RAN (LTE eNodeB or 5G gNB) and its CN element (LTE/EPS MME or 5G AMF). Figure 3.3a shows side‐by‐side the S1‐U and NG‐U user plane protocol stacks, and Figure 3.3b shows the S1‐AP and NG‐AP signaling or control plane protocol stacks.
Example 3.3 LTE/EPC S1 Logical Interface and 5G NG Logical Interface
Consider the S1 logical interface between the eNodeB and the EPC (consisting of Serving Gateway (S‐GW), Mobility Management Entity (MME), and packet data network gateway (P‐GW)) in the case of the LTE/EPC network. Similarly, consider the NG logical interface between the Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG‐RAN)/gNB and the User Plane Function (UPF) in the case of the 5G network. Refer to Figure 3.3a and b.
