2.8. These images are subsequently subjected to image reconstruction algorithms and digital image processing to enhance the visualization of image features.
Computed tomography
CT is a sectional imaging technique that produces direct cross‐sectional digital images referred to as transverse axial images. These images have been defined as planar sections that are perpendicular to the long axis of the patient. In CT, the patient is scanned as the x‐ray tube coupled to special electronic detectors rotate around the patient to collect and measure attenuation readings as shown in Figure 2.9. Furthermore, the raw data from the detectors are sent to a computer which uses an image reconstruction algorithm to build up images of the anatomy scanned. These images are subsequently displayed for viewing and interpretation, after which they are sent to an image communication system for storage, archiving, and communication to various remote locations, if needed.
Figure 2.8 The basic concept for DBT and DRT is related to the principle underlying conventional tomography, in which the x‐ray tube moves through various angles (limited arc) while the detector is stationary, capturing several images during the sweep. See text for further explanation.
Figure 2.9 In CT, the patient is scanned as the x‐ray tube coupled to special electronic detectors rotate around the patient to collect and measure attenuation readings as illustrated.
IMAGE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Image communication systems include picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) and information systems, including hospital information systems (HIS) and radiology information systems (RIS); Cloud PACS, a technology derived from cloud computing; Vendor Neutral Archives (VNAs); and Enterprise Imaging.
Figure 2.10 The major system components of a PACS make use of digital technologies for storage, display, and communication of digital images acquired by all digital modalities. Furthermore, a computer system performs tasks of image storage, archiving, and image processing.
Picture archiving and communication system
The PACS is a significant component in a DR environment. A PACS makes use of digital technologies for storage, display, and communication of digital images acquired by all digital modalities. As illustrated in Figure 2.10, the system consists of a number of components such as a computer system that performs tasks of image storage, archiving, and image processing. Coupled to a large‐scale PACS are the information systems: the RIS and the HIS. Furthermore, the PACS can be accessed via the Internet as well.
Image communication systems continue to evolve into systems intended to improve the performance of PACS. These technologies include Cloud PACS, a technology derived from cloud computing; VNAs; and Enterprise Imaging. These systems are described in detail by Seeram [5].
References
1 1. Seibert, J.A. and Morin, R.L. (2011). The standardized exposure index for digital radiography: an opportunity for optimization of radiation dose to the pediatric population. Pediatr. Radiol. 41: 573–581.
2 2. Seeram, E., Davidson, R., Bushong, S., and Swan, H. (2016). Optimizing the exposure indicator as a dose management strategy in computed radiography. Radiol. Technol. 87 (4): 380–391.
3 3. Bushong, S. (2020). Radiologic Science for Technologists, 12e. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier (in Press).
4 4. American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) (2009). An Exposure Indicator for Digital Radiography. College Park, MD: AAPM. Report No. 116.
5 5. Seeram, E. (2019). Digital Radiography: Physical Principles and Quality Control, 2e. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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