the installed power of the electric motor, the shaft speed of the pump and the flow rate in the system, the maximum pressure in the system, the function of the valve solenoids, and reference to the electric connections. Even the size and length of the hydraulic lines are reported.
All essential features of the system operation should be derived from this information. For example, during cylinder extension, the velocity of the actuator is 0.24 m/s and the return flow 9.2 l/min, while during retraction these values are 0.47 m/s and 35.3 l/min. Similarly, the maximum power request can be estimated in 4 kW for the maximum allowed load at the cylinder.
The above description of the simple system of Figure 1.6 emphasizes the large amount of information provided by a schematic that complies with the ISO standard. Many designers often miss the advantages offered by a correct representation of a circuit, which is extremely helpful at various design and maintenance phases of a hydraulic‐powered machine.
Figure 1.6 Hydraulic circuit for moving an actuator.
Figure 1.7 Meaning of different types of lines in hydraulic circuits.
1.3 Common ISO Symbols
The most common elements in hydraulic circuits are the hydraulic lines. As summarized in Figure 1.7, four line styles can be found in a schematic, and each one has a different meaning:
1 Continuous lines represent working power lines; for example, these are the lines connected to the outlet and inlet of pumps and motors.
2 Dashed lines represent pilot signals (for example, a load‐sensing line between a LS pump and a valve) or drain lines (for example, the case drain of a variable displacement unit).
3 Double lines represent mechanical power transmission, like in the case of a motor shaft.
4 Dash‐dot lines are instead used to indicate the physical layout of the system. When multiple components are enclosed in a dash‐dot line, they are part of the same physical unit as, for example, a hydraulic manifold.
Another important rule is that the intersection of two or more lines needs to be represented by a dot. If two lines intersect on paper without a dot, it means that they remain physically separated.
Figure 1.8 represents the symbols for the most common prime movers (electric and motor and combustion engine) and for some elements that are often placed between the prime mover and the hydraulic energy conversion units. These can be gearboxes, clutches, or power takeoffs (PTOs) and can be equipped with different functionalities.
Figure 1.9 presents common symbols for energy conversion units. Rotary units are represented with circles, while linear actuators use rectangles. The reader can notice that each symbol emphasizes different characteristics. For example, the symbol of the fixed displacement pump is the only one highlighting the pump rotation. The first variable displacement pump does not mention anything about the type of control, while the second one emphasizes that the pump displacement is regulated based on the value of the outlet pressure. As it will be presented in Part 2, the representation of the pump control can also be much more detailed. Depending on the case, the engineer can select the level of detail that needs to be presented in the hydraulic schematic.
Figure 1.8 Common symbols for prime movers and mechanical rotary transmission elements.
Figure 1.9 Common symbols utilized for prime movers and energy conversion units.
Figure 1.10 reports some common symbols for pressure and directional control elements. These are always represented by squares that include arrows connecting the different ports. Each square represents the possible configurations of the valve. At the end of the squares, the actuation method is represented. This can be a solenoid, a spring, or an external or internal pilot pressure.
The elements on the first row of Figure 1.10 are three very common pressure control devices: relief, reducing, and counterbalance valves. Relief valves are used to protect circuits from overpressurization and always discharge flow to tank. Reducing valves instead are used to reduce the supply pressure to a lower level. They are normally open valves where the spring is always drained to tank. Counterbalance valves are pressure control valves with two areas of influence that also include a check valve function. On the second row, three examples of two‐way two‐position valves are represented. Each valve has a different configuration and different control and implements a different application. The last row includes two examples of four‐way three‐position valves. The three squares indicate the neutral and the extreme positions. The first valve is a solenoid on/off valve, while the second one is a pilot‐operated proportional valve. More details about the characteristic of these elements will be provided in the following chapters.
Finally, Figure 1.11 presents some symbols used for accessory elements and sensors. Accessories can be accumulators, coolers, filters, and breathers. These symbols can be simple or more articulated if it is necessary to identify additional features such as for the case of a filter with bypass valve and differential pressure switch. It is again a matter of the level of details that the designer wants to highlight in the circuit.
Figure 1.10 Common symbols utilized for directional and pressure control elements.
Figure 1.11 Symbols used for accessory elements and sensors.
Example 1.1 Hydraulic schematic for a conveyor application
A hydraulic system is used to control a bidirectional conveyor. The system uses a 50 kW internal
