of enlightenment with respect to different issues.
Notes
1 1 https://www.dalbar.com/Portals/dalbar/Cache/News/PressReleases/QAIBPressRelease_2019.pdf
2 2 Robert Shiller, Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events (Princeton University Press 2019)
3 3 Owen A. Lamont and Richard H. Thaler, “Can the Market Add and Subtract? Mispricing in Tech Stock Carve-Outs,” Journal of Political Economy 111(2) (2003): 227–268.
5 5 This paper can be found on Meir Statman's home page at http://lsb.scu.edu/finance/faculty/Statman/Default.htm
6 6 Meir Statman, What Investors Really Want: Discover What Drives Investor Behavior and Make Smarter Financial Decisions (New York: McGraw Hill, 2011).
7 7 Nobel Prize web site: http://nobelprize.org/economics/laureates/2002/
8 8 Jon E. Hilsenrath, “Belief in Efficient Valuation Yields Ground to Role of Irrational Investors: Mr. Thaler Takes on Mr. Fama,” Wall Street Journal, October 18, 2004.
9 9 Jon E. Hilsenrath, “Belief in Efficient Valuation Yields Ground to Role of Irrational Investors: Mr. Thaler Takes on Mr. Fama,” Wall Street Journal, October 18, 2004.
10 10 Meir Statman, “Behavioral Finance: Past Battles and Future Engagements,” Financial Analysts Journal 55(6) (November/December 1999): 18–27.
11 11 Eugene Fama and Kenneth French, “The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns,” Journal of Finance 47(2) (1992): 427–465.
12 12 Dream Value Management web site: www.dreman.com/
13 13 James O'Shaughnessy, What Works on Wall Street (New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005).
14 14 Dream Value Management web site: www.dreman.com/
15 15 Robert Haugen and Philippe Jorion, “The January Effect: Still There after All These Years,” Financial Analysts Journal 52(1) (January–February 1996): 27–31.
16 16 Russell Investment Group web site: www.russell.com/us/education_center/
17 17 Chris R. Hensel and William T. Ziemba, “Investment Results from Exploiting Turn-of-the-Month Effects,” Journal of Portfolio Management 22(3) (Spring 1996): 17–23.
2 Introduction to Behavioral Biases
Nothing in life is quite as important as you think it is while you're thinking about it.
—Daniel Kahneman
Introduction
In order to create your best portfolio, it is essential that you obtain an understanding of the irrational behaviors that you have—or be able to recognize the biases of others that may be involved in your investment decision-making process. Numerous research studies have shown that when people are faced with complex decision-making problems that demand substantial time and cognitive decision-making requirements, they have difficulty devising a rational approach to developing and analyzing a proper course of action. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that many consumers need to contend with a potential overload of information to process. Have you walked down the shampoo aisle lately? Way too many choices—how do you pick? And this is one of the easier decisions we face! When it comes to our money, it becomes even more complicated. For more meaningful decisions, people don't systematically describe problems, record necessary data, and/or synthesize information to create rules for making decisions, which is really the best way to make complex decisions. Instead, people usually follow a more subjective path of reasoning to determine a course of action consistent with their desired outcome or general preferences.
Individuals make decisions, although typically suboptimal ones, by simplifying the choices presented to them, typically using a subset of the information available, and discarding some (usually complicated but potentially good) alternatives to get down to a more manageable number. They are content to find a solution that is “good enough” rather than arriving at the optimal decision. In doing so, they may (unintentionally) bias the decision-making process. These biases may lead to irrational behaviors and flawed decisions. In the investment realm, this happens a lot; many researchers have documented numerous biases that investors have. This chapter will introduce these biases, which we will review in the coming chapters, and highlight the importance of understanding them and dealing with them before they have a chance to negatively impact the investment decision-making process.
Behavioral Biases Defined
The dictionary defines a “bias” in several different ways, including: (a) a statistical sampling or testing error caused by systematically favoring some outcomes over others; (b) a preference or an inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgment; (c) an inclination or prejudice in favor of a particular viewpoint; and (d) an inclination of temperament or outlook, especially, a personal and sometimes unreasoned judgment. In this book, we are naturally concerned with biases that cause irrational financial decisions due to either: (1) faulty cognitive reasoning or (2) reasoning influenced by emotions, which can also be considered feelings, or, unfortunately, due to both. The first dictionary definition (a) of bias is consistent with faulty cognitive reasoning or thinking, while (b), (c), and (d) are more consistent with impaired reasoning influenced by feelings or emotion.
Behavioral biases are defined, essentially, the same way as systematic errors in judgment. Researchers distinguish a long list of specific biases and have applied over 100 of these to individual investor behaviors in recent studies. When one considers the derivative and the undiscovered biases awaiting application in personal finance, the list of systematic investor errors seems very
