H, Iguchi G, Murawaki A, Fukoka H, Hayashi Y, Kaji H, Yamamoto M, Suda K, Takahashi M,Seo Y, Yano Y, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Koga M, Okimura Y,Chihara K, Takahashi Y: Nonalcocholic fatty liver disease in adult hypopituitary patients with GH deficiency and the impact of GH replacement therapy. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;167:67–74.
82Fan Y, Menon RK, Cohen P, Hwang D, Clemens T, Di Girolamo DJ, Kopchick JJ, Le Rioth D, Trucco M, Sperling MA: Liver-specific deletion of the growth hormone receptor reveals essential role of growth hormone signaling in hepatic lipid metabolism. J Biol Chem 2009;284:19937–19944.
83Sos BC, Harris C, Nordstrom SM, Tran JL, Balazs M, Caplazi P, Febbraio M, Applegate MA, wagner KU, Weiss EJ: Abrogation of growth hormone secretion rescues fatty liver in mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of JAK2. J Clin Invest 2011;121:1412–1423.
84Barclay JI, Nelson CN, Ishikawa M, Murry LA, Kerr LM, McPhee TR, Powell EE, Waters MJ: GH dependent STAT5 signaling plays an important role in hepatic lipid metabolism. Endocrinology 2011;152:181–192.
85Sobrevals L, Rodriguez C, Romero-Trevejo JL, Gondi G, Monreal I, Paneda A, Juanarena N, Arclus S, Rasquin N, Guembe I, Gonsalez-Aseguinolaza G, Prieto J, Fortes P: Insulin like growth factor-1 gene transfer to cirrhotic liver induces fibrinolysis and reduces fibrinogenesis leading to cirrhosis reversion in rats. Hepatology 2010;51:912–921.
86Swords FM, Caroll PV, Kisalu J, Wood PJ, Taylor NF, Monson JP: The effects of growth hormone deficiency and replacement on glucocorticoid exposure in hypopituitary patients on cortisone acetate and hydrocortisone replacement. Clin Endocrinol 2003;59:613–620.
87Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, Melmed S, Murad MH, Salvatori R, Samuels MH: Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101:3888–3921.
88Esteban NV, Loughlin T, Yergey AI, Zewadski JK, Booth JD, Winterer JC, Loriaux DL: Daily cortisol production rate in man determined by stable isotope dilution/mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:39–45.
89Danilowics K, Bruno OD, Manavela M, Gomez RM, Barkan A: Correction of cortisol over-replacement ameliorates morbidities in patients with hypopituitarism: a pilot study. Pituitary 2008;11:279–285.
90Murry R, Ekman B, Fitts D, Marelli C, Quinkler M, Zelissen P: Effects of adrenal insufficiency on body composition and metabolic indices: data from the European Adrenal Insufficiency Registry (EU-AIR) Endocrine abstracts ECE 2014 volume 35, P55.
91Johansson G, Nilsson AG, Bergthorsdottir R, Burman P, Dalqvist P, Ekman B, Engström BE, Olsson T, Ragnarsson O, Ryberg M, Wahlber J, Biller BM, Monson JP, Stewart PM, Lennernas H, Skrtic S: Improved cortisol exposure-time profile and outcome in patients with adrenal insufficiency: a prospective randomized trial of a novel hydrocortisone dual release formulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:473–481.
92Grossman A, Johansson G, Quinkler M, Zelissen P: Perspectives on the management of adrenal insufficiency: clinical insights from across Europe. Eur J Endocrinol 2013;169:R165–175.
93Persani L, Ferretti E, Borgato S, Faglia G, Beck-Pecoz P: Circulating thyrotropin bioactivity in sporadic central hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3631–3635.
94Beck-Peccoz P, Rodari G, Giavoli G, Lania A: Central hypothyroidism – a neglected thyroid disorder. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017;10:588–598.
95Losa M, Scavini M, Gatti E, Rossini A, Madaschi S, Formenti I, Caumo A, Stidley CA, Lanzi R: Long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on thyroid function in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Thyroid 2008;18:1249–1254.
96Phelan N, Conway SH, Liahana S, et al: Quantification of the adverse effect of ethynil estradiol containing oral contraceptive pills when used in conjunction with growth hormone replacement in routine practice. Clin Endocrinol 2011;76:729–733.
97Pappachan JM, Raskauskiene D, Kutty VR, Clayton RN: Excess mortality associated with hypopituitarism in adults: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:1405–1411.
98Olsson DS, Nilsson AG, Bryngelsson IL, Trimpou P, Johansson G, Andersson E: Excess mortality in women and young adults with non-functioning pituitary adenoma: a Swedish nationwide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015,100:2651–2658.
99Olsson DS, Bryngelsson IL, Ragnarsson O: Time trends of mortality in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: a Swedish nationwide study. Pituitary 2017;20:218–224.
100Child CJ, Conroy D, Zimmermann AG, Woodmansee WW, Erfurt EM, Robison LL: Incidence of primary cancers and intracranial tumor recurrences in GH-treated and untreated adult hypopituitary patients: analyses from the hypopituitary control and complications study. Eur J Endocrinol 2015;172:779–790.
101Jasim S, Alahdab F, Ahmed AT, Tamhane SU, Sharma A, Donegan D, Nippoldt TB, Murad MH: The effect of growth hormone replacement in patients with hypopituitarism on pituitary tumor recurrence, secondary cancer and stroke. Endocrine 2017;56:33–42.
102De Gregorio C, Andó G, Canavó S, Cotta OR, Trio O, Cusma Piccone M, Trimarchi F, Curtó L: Cardiovascular outcomes and conventional risk factors in non-diabetic adult patients with GH deficiency: a long-term prospective cohort study. Eur J Intern Med 2015;26:813–818.
103Olsson DS, Trimpou P, Hallén T, Bryngelsson IL, Andersson E, Skoglund T, Bengsston BA, Johansson G, Nilsson AG: Life expectancy in patients with pituitary adenoma receiving growth hormone replacement. Eur J Endocrinol 2017;176:67–75.
104de Haas et al: The metabolic syndrome in cancer survivors. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:193–203.
Prof. Vera Popovic
Belgrade School of Medicine, University of Belgrade
Dr Subotica 6
Belgrade 11 000 (Serbia)
E-Mail [email protected]
Popovic V, Korbonits M (eds): Metabolic Syndrome Consequent to Endocrine Disorders.
Front Horm Res. Basel, Karger, 2018, vol 49, pp 20–28 (DOI: 10.1159/000486001)
