Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Группа авторов

      93rd Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop

      Kolkata | India | March 29–31, 2019

Pediatric Nutrition: Challenges and Approaches to Address Them

      Michaelsen KF, Neufeld LM, Prentice AM (eds): Global Landscape of Nutrition Challenges in Infants and Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser, vol 93, pp 1–13, (DOI: 10.1159/000503315) Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG., Basel, © 2020

      ______________________

Global Landscape of Malnutrition in Infants and Young Children

      Lynnette M. Neufeld^a · Ty Beal^a · Leila M. Larson^b · Françoise D. Cattaneo^a

      ^aGlobal Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), Geneva, Switzerland; ^bDepartment of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

      ______________________

      Abstract

      Malnutrition during the first years of life has immediate adverse health consequences, including increased mortality risk, and impaired long-term health and capacities. Undernutrition is an important contributor to poor linear growth, stunting, which affects over 149 million children <5 years of age worldwide, one-third of whom live in India. Over 49 million children are wasted; yet globally, there are also 40 million overweight children. Up-to-date data on the magnitude and distribution of micronutrient malnutrition globally and in many countries are lacking. Anemia has been used as a proxy for micronutrient malnutrition; yet anemia, like stunting, has a complex etiology and numerous nonnutritional as well as nutritional causes. Undernutrition, specifically stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiency increasingly coexist with overweight, but accurate data to assess the extent to which these co-exist in countries, households, and individuals and the factors that predict it are scarce. Recent analyses in several countries suggest that there is substantial variability within and among regions in the prevalence and determinants of malnutrition. More and better data that can be used to tailor policies and programs to local contexts are urgently needed if we are to accelerate progress toward addressing malnutrition in all its forms.

      © 2020 Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland/S. Karger AG, Basel

      The Burden of Malnutrition in All Its Forms

The term malnutrition is often used synonymously with undernutrition. During childhood, undernutrition may result in inadequate linear growth (low height-for-age or stunting) or in insufficient accumulation of body mass (low weight-for-height or wasting) [1]. Micronutrient deficiency diagnosed through clinical symptoms or biomarkers of micronutrient status below established cutoffs is an additional form of undernutrition that affects children and adults alike. It is recognized, however, that overweight and obesity and the associated noncommunicable diseases are also forms of malnutrition affecting all age groups. Global goals now seek to address malnutrition in all its forms [2]. For example, the World Health Assembly has called for a 40% reduction in the number of children who are stunted, wasting no higher than 5%, and no increase in the number of overweight children by 2025 [3].

Malnutrition during the first years of life has immediate adverse health consequences and impairs long-term health and capacities. Children who become undernourished in early life are at a higher risk of dying, are more susceptible to illness, and may suffer growth and developmental delays [4]. Infections impair growth and nutrient absorption through a variety of mechanisms, such as reduced appetite, direct nutrient losses, and increased metabolic requirements or catabolic losses of nutrients through defecation, and may weaken transport of nutrients to tissues [5]. Children with adequate nutrition during early childhood have been shown to earn 21% more in wages as adults than children who were malnourished [6]. Overweight and obesity now contribute up to 7.1% of deaths [7],

Скачать книгу