Anterior Skull Base Tumors. Группа авторов
Чтение книги онлайн.
Читать онлайн книгу Anterior Skull Base Tumors - Группа авторов страница 12
![Anterior Skull Base Tumors - Группа авторов Anterior Skull Base Tumors - Группа авторов Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology](/cover_pre941662.jpg)
Differential Diagnosis
Melanoma at these locations should be differentiated from metastatic melanoma and primary undifferentiated skull base neoplasms, including sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumour, olfactory neuroblastoma, lymphoma, PNET, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Immunohistochemical markers are fundamental in differentiating these tumours (Table 2).
Hematolymphoid Tumours
Lymphomas
The majority of lymphomas involving the anterior skull base are NK/T cell, but B cell lymphoma can also affect this region. Patients typically present with nosebleeding, nasal obstruction, or proptosis. Histologically, the tumour is composed of uniform lymphoid proliferation diffusely infiltrating adjacent structures. The infiltrate is commonly angiocentric, especially in the NK/T subtype and may manifest necrosis. Diagnosis and classification are based on phenotyping using immunohistochemical markers for B and T cells.
Differential Diagnosis
Morphologically lymphoproliferative tumours mimic small round cell neoplasms, neuroblastoma, and melanoma. Lineage markers including epithelial, neural, melanolytic, and lymphoid markers are critical to the diagnosis [129–131].
Secondary Tumours (Metastasis)
Isolated metastatic localisations at the skull base are very rare. More frequently they can occur concomitantly at multiple sites of involvement. Renal cell carcinoma is by far the most common source. Other primary sites of origin can be breast, lung, skin (melanoma), and testis. Isolated reports of metastasis from various other tumours have also been reported.
Secondary tumours equally affect both genders notwithstanding gender-specific influence. In female patients, breast, gynaecologic, and thyroid tumours are the most frequent primary origins, while in males cancer of the lung, prostate, kidney, and bone in decreasing order are the most common sites [132, 133].
Disclosure Statement
The authors have no conflicts of interest to report for this manuscript.
References
1El-Naggar AK: Editor’s perspective on the 4th edition of the WHO head and neck tumor classification. J Egypt Natl Cancer 2017;29:65–66.
2Llorente JL, Lopez F, Suarez C, Hermsen MA: Sinonasal carcinoma: clinical, pathological, genetic and therapeutic advances. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014;11:460–472.
3Youlden DR, Cramb SM, Peters S, et al: International comparisons of the incidence and mortality of sinonasal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2013;37:770–779.
4Robin PE, Powell DJ, Stansbie JM: Carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: incidence and presentation of different histological types. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1979;4:431–456.
5Sanghvi S, Khan MN, Patel NR, Yeldandi S, Baredes S, Eloy JA: Epidemiology of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma: a comprehensive analysis of 4,994 patients. Laryngoscope 2014;124:76–83.
6Turner JH, Reh DD: Incidence and survival in patients with sinonasal cancer: a historical analysis of population-based data. Head Neck 2012;34:877–885.
7Jeng YM, Sung MT, Fang CL, et al: Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and nasopharyngeal-type undifferentiated carcinoma: two clinically, biologically, and histopathologically distinct entities. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:371–376.
8Zong Y, Liu K, Zhong B, Chen G, Wu W: Epstein-Barr virus infection of sinonasal lymphoepithelial carcinoma in Guangzhou. Chin Med J 2001;114:132–136.
9Rytkonen AE, Hirvikoski PP, Salo TA: Lymphoepithelial carcinoma: two case reports and a systematic review of oral and sinonasal cases. Head Neck Pathol 2011;5:327–334.
10Wenig BM: Lymphoepithelial-like carcinomas of the head and neck. Semin Diagn Pathol 2015;32:74–86.
11Reiersen DA, Pahilan ME, Devaiah AK: Meta-analysis of treatment outcomes for sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012;147:7–14.
12Chambers KJ, Lehmann AE, Remenschneider A, et al: Incidence and survival patterns of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma in the United States. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2015;76:94–100.
13Chernock RD, Perry A, Pfeifer JD, Holden JA, Lewis JS Jr: Receptor tyrosine kinases in sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas – evaluation for EGFR, c-KIT, and HER2/neu expression. Head Neck 2009;31:919–927.
14Gray ST, Herr MW, Sethi RK, et al: Treatment outcomes and prognostic factors, including human papillomavirus, for sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma: a retrospective review. Head Neck 2015;37:366–374.
15Bossi P, Saba NF, Vermorken JB, et al: The role of systemic therapy in the management of sinonasal cancer: a critical review. Cancer Treat Rev 2015;41:836–843.
16Yoshida E, Aouad R, Fragoso R, et al: Improved clinical outcomes with multi-modality therapy for sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma of the head and neck. Am J Otolaryngol 2013;34:658–663.