by recording that something has occurred when it has not or by falsifying or forging a signature attributing a record to another person for whatever reason. You may come across a record made by another healthcare professional that has not been signed by them. In a situation like this, do not consider putting their signature adjacent to the record; the two choices which could be followed are:
1 Alert the individual as soon as possible so that they can add the necessary signature to the record or
2 Where there is going to be a considerable gap in time before this signature can be entered, a senior nurse on the ward (or care area) must be advised, and appropriate action can be taken.
Blue Flag
When the nursing associate is undertaking a programme of education leading to registration and is completing clinical learning outcomes during a clinical placement, it is important that only the allocated mentor or practice supervisor signs off the clinical learning outcomes as they are completed. The situation may arise where the student and the mentor discuss a clinical learning outcome, but then, the mentor forgets to sign. This is a form of record, as indicated by the NMC, which does not directly relate to patient care; however, this record does enable the student to progress to registration and then directly affect patient care. Therefore, it is essential that the student does not falsify this signature in this situation but requests the mentor to complete the record at their next meeting.
Section 10 requires that each nursing associate attribute any entry that they make in any paper or electronic records to themselves, in essence they own that entry. This is linked to the previous practical action very closely. If the record is paper based, then it is essential that the signature (or initials on certain records) is clearly identifiable and consistent. In many clinical areas, a register will need to be completed which allows the nursing associates to first clearly write their name and then adjacent to this enter a specimen of both their signature and their initials (see Figure 8.1).
This is a particularly useful approach to accountable record‐keeping when looking at records historically and examining records that have been made by agency or bank staff that may have only made a limited number of entries and indeed their signatures alone are not familiar.
If the record is made electronically, then it is essential that it be ‘signed’ by the correct author. This will require healthcare professionals to log off a computer and then log in with their own identity before making an entry; otherwise, the entry will be attributed to the healthcare professionals who have already logged into that recording device. While this signature or identity may not be seen by the individual making the entry, the computer system will record who was logged in as the person making the entry. This reinforces the importance of logging off from any device after a record has been made and also that the login details are not shared with another nurse or nursing associate so that any record subsequently made is attributed directly to the nursing associate who is identified as being logged on to the recording device.
Figure 8.1 An example of a specimen register used in a general practice.
One of the final subsections within Section 10 requires the nursing associate to make sure that all records are clearly written, dated and timed, and that they do not include unnecessary abbreviations, jargon or speculation. As this subsection contains detailed guidance for record‐keeping, this will be now discussed in several sections. These requirements of the NMC Code are also echoed by the NMC proficiency standards (2018) that state that records are to be written accurately, clearly and legibly. Accuracy and clarity are quite inseparable. The nursing associates must also remember that there will be quality standards in their workplace that will govern how they are required to undertake documentation; they must not deviate from these standards.
Touch Point
Think about a record that you have written. Was this record both accurate and clear? How could this be improved?
Legible and Clearly Written
These are two terms used by the NMC which possibly have similar meaning, although clearly written could be interpreted as more than just legibility. To reiterate, the nursing associate must ensure that all records are made in such a way that they can be read by another healthcare and social care professional. Legibility is therefore very important to ensure that all records made communicate necessary information about the patient for whom the record has been made. As discussed previously, when looking at who has access to records, it was seen that a number of professionals, including the legal community, police as well as healthcare and social care professionals can also access records, and as such, content must not be ambiguous or difficult to read or decipher. Legibility requires that when a record is made by hand, black indelible ink is used, and pencil must not be used as this can be erased and rewritten at any time. Furthermore, many pencil leads fade with time; therefore, this does not make a permanent record. Often, local policy requires all record makers use black ink as this can be more permanent and photocopies and scans better than blue ink. If in doubt as to what a local policy is on record‐keeping, then using black ink is always a safe default position; you must seek advice if you are unsure. Legibility is also concerned with the alteration of a record in a clear way. A record that has been clearly written will also consider other issues such as language.
Language
The language used in records must be unambiguous in its meaning. This requires that it is factual and not open to interpretation in any way which could lead to confusion and ultimately could result in a patient not receiving the care they need or care that may cause them harm. If a patient, for example, has had their vital signs measured and recorded every 15 minutes, then this frequency must be recorded rather than a simple entry to state that the patient’s vital signs have been measured. The fact that the reader now knows that the vital signs have been recorded every 15 minutes conveys a message that the patient’s needs are such that they require close monitoring.
Yellow Flag
Another example would be if a patient is incontinent of urine and faeces, the written record
