by the English king Edward III (1312—1377), due to its belonging to the more French Capetian.
The nodal battles of the war, the battles of Crécy, Poitiers and Agincourt, are similar. French troops overtake the small English invading army. The weary knights, urged on by the orders of the impatient king, enter the battle from the march. They are shot from two-meter bows and finished off by British riflemen.
After ten years of this carnage, a plague epidemic breaks out (peak of the epidemic in 1348). Residents are cramped in the besieged cities. They don’t care about hygiene in principle. The streets are full of filth. «Black Death» takes up to half of Europeans, undermining its social hierarchy and even religious foundations.
After such a terrible respite, hostilities are resumed.
Many people in northern France already consider themselves British. French nobles introduce additional taxes. This move leads to Jacquerie, the uprising of «Jacques-simpletons», much more powerless than the English farmers. In the first half of the fourteenth century, the fighting spirit of the French, their national identity was revived by Jeanne d’Arc. England is deprived of all possessions on the continent. The last of her hands is the port de Calais, at the narrowest part of the Channel.
But, the British, whose country, in contrast to the loss of two-thirds of the inhabitants of France, is in perfect order, want the continuation of the lists. A branch of the Plantagenet dynasty, the Yorkies, vie for the crown at the House of Lancaster. A thirty-year rivalry between the red (Lancaster) and white (Yorkie) emblematic roses begins.
In the middle of the fourteenth century, after the death in battle of the last king from the Lancaster, Richard III, and the announcement of the heir to the House of York illegitimate, the war-weary English society crowns Henry the Seventh Tudor.
Henry the Seventh Tudor, King of England and Sovereign of Ireland, founder of the dynasty (1457 – 1509).
Lancaster blood flows in his veins. He marries Elizabeth of York (of course, York), and thus unites the warring dynasties. The new Tudor emblem combines red and white in a single rose. The next twenty-four years of his reign are celebrated in the history of England as a general idyll. The peasants are becoming free en masse. Serf dependence is replaced by land dependence. The amount of government duties is strictly fixed. Estates find a common language on the basis of religion and financial success. However, the era of Good Old England ends with the ascension to the throne of Henry VIII. For the sake of marriage with Anne Boleyn and an easy divorce from the annoying former wife, the king issues a law to change the state religion. The principle begins to work: whose power, that is the faith.
Henry VIII, third child of Henry VIII, head of the Church of England (1491 – 1547). He divorces two wives out of six, and executes two on charges of treason. One dies by itself. The last of the halves of the monarch shows remarkable diplomatic talent, remains a widow and even gets married a second time. By the end of his life, due to obesity, the king is able to move only with the help of special mechanisms.
The head of the Church of England, more Protestant than Catholic, becomes the monarch, and this situation continues to this day. Catholic churches, monasteries, including the enchanting ruins of Glastonbury Abbey, were put by the king on the rubble for roads. Agriculture is now focused on wool production, and sheep that have multiplied immensely «eat people.» Where two hundred peasants lived comfortably, drank beer, ate meat, raised children, three or four shepherds remain. The new regime, without trial, sends the unemployed to hard labor or even the gallows. During the years of the reign of Henry VIII, seventy-two thousand people get to the scaffold, this is a considerable three percent of the population of England.
Mary, the daughter of Henry, the first lady to sit on the throne for a long time restores Catholicism, reconciles with the Pope, and for some time receives the support of the people. But rampant executions, including the massacre of the timid «queen of ten days,» 16-year-old Jane Gray, do not increase the popularity of the lady monarch in the least. A dynastic marriage with the Spanish prince Philip causes only bewilderment in society. Mary, now «Bloody» is dying of a fever, leaving no direct heirs.
Mary Tudor (1516 – 1558), she is also Mary the Bloody, daughter of Henry VIII from his first marriage, which was considered invalid. The first crowned Queen of England. In Great Britain there is not a single monument to this monarch, marked by numerous reprisals.
Elizabeth the First is the youngest daughter of Henry VIII from his marriage to Anne Boleyn. This marriage was annulled. But this time too, the child born in him becomes a full-fledged monarch. Elizabeth’s psyche is oppressed by the tyranny of her father, the execution of her mother and the penultimate wife of «Henry VIII, Lady Keith Howard, who became a good friend for an orphan. However, Elizabeth does not forget to monitor her appearance, looks youthful, and in particular, is fond of applying many layers of powder to her face. The reign of the Virgin Queen is considered the golden age of England.
Elizabeth the First (1533 – 1603)
Stewarts.
Mary Stuart, great-granddaughter of Henry the Seventh, Queen of Scots, from the age of sixteen the wife of the King of France, Francis II. The second marriage, after the death of Francis, will take place six years later, with a cousin, Heinrich Stuart. As a result of a series of unsolved events, the monarch dies. A third marriage, to Henry’s most likely murderer, Earl Bothwell, strips Mary Stuart of her credibility. Lords rise in rebellion. The Queen signs a renunciation in favor of her son from her last spouse. Further, Mary gets involved in a confrontation with the Scottish nobles, loses the fight outright and flees to England for patronage to Elizabeth the First. The regal fugitive is held in honor and contentment. However, she gets involved in correspondence with people seeking the physical removal of the Queen of England, Elizabeth. The secret becomes clear…
Mary, who continues to assert her rights to the throne of England, even with tears in her eyes, is sent to the chopping block by the British.
England and Scotland for the first time become a single kingdom under the leadership of James the First, namely, the son of the executed Scottish Queen Mary Stuart.
Mary Stuart (1542—1587)
His son, Charles the First, after the death of the Duke of Buckingham, his father’s advisor and lover, loses control over what is happening. The British Parliament decides to behead the proud king.
The dynasty of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, has only two rulers. A year after the death of his father, Richard Cromwell finds out that he is unable to manage the state that has not yet cooled down after the civil war. Presumably, recalling the very sad story of Karl Stewart, he resigns.
Charles the First, the first king to be executed by the people and parliament (1600 – 1649).
…The son of the king who lost his head, Charles II takes the throne of his father. The classical monarchy of Great Britain is taking revenge.
William
