257: (return)
L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, The Cochin Tribes and Castes (Madras, 1909–1912), ii. 91, 112, 157, 360, 378.
Footnote 258: (return)
The Grihya Sutras, translated by H. Oldenberg, Part i. p. 355 (Sacred Books of the East, vol. xxix.). Compare W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 245.
Footnote 259: (return)
Ch. A. Sherring, Western Tibet and the British Borderland (London, 1906), pp. 123 sq.
Footnote 260: (return)
P. N. Bose, "Chhattisgar," Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, lix., Part i. (1891) p. 290.
Footnote 261: (return)
E. Thurston, Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, p. 205.
Footnote 262: (return)
S. Powers, Tribes of California (Washington, 1877), p. 383.
Footnote 263: (return)
Maximilian Prinz zu Wied, Reise in das Innere Nord-America (Coblenz, 1839–1841), ii. 235.
Footnote 264: (return)
T. de Pauly, Description Ethnographique des Peuples de la Russie, Peuples de l'Amérique Russe (St. Petersburg, 1862), p. 13.
Footnote 265: (return)
E. Seler, Altmexikanische Studien, ii. (Berlin, 1899) p. 42 (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Königlichen Museum für Völkerkunde, vi. 2/4).
Footnote 266: (return)
Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 497; id., Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 506.
Footnote 267: (return)
Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 503–508. The name of the final mourning ceremony among the Arunta is urpmilchima.
Footnote 268: (return)
The Golden Bough, Second Edition (London, 1900), i. 434 sq.
Footnote 269: (return)
A. Biet, Voyage de la France Equinoxiale en l'Isle de Cayenne (Paris, 1664), p. 392.
Footnote 270: (return)
Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 505 sqq.
Footnote 271: (return)
Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 506–508.
Footnote 272: (return)
Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 530.
Footnote 273: (return)
Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 530–543.
LECTURE VIII
THE BELIEF IN IMMORTALITY AMONG THE NATIVES OF THE TORRES STRAITS ISLANDS
The Islanders of Torres Straits. The Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits.
In the last lecture I concluded my account of the belief in immortality and worship of the dead, or rather of the elements out of which such a worship might have grown, among the aborigines of Australia. To-day we pass to the consideration of a different people, the islanders of Torres Straits. As you may know, Torres Straits are the broad channel which divides Australia on the south from the great island of New Guinea on the north. The small islands which are scattered over the strait fall roughly into two groups, a Western and an Eastern, of which the eastern is at once the more isolated and the more fertile. In appearance, character, and customs the inhabitants of all these islands belong to the Papuan family, which inhabits the western half of New Guinea, but in respect of language there is a marked difference between the natives of the two groups; for while the speech of the Western Islanders is akin to that of the Australians, the speech of the Eastern Islanders is akin to that of the Papuans of New Guinea. The conclusion to be drawn from these facts appears to be that the Western Islands of Torres Straits were formerly inhabited by aborigines of the Australian family, and that at a later time they were occupied by immigrants from New Guinea, who adopted the language of the aboriginal inhabitants, but gradually extinguished the aboriginal type and character either by peaceful absorption or by conquest and extermination.274 Hence the Western Islanders of Torres Straits form a transition both geographically and ethnographically between the aborigines of Australia on the one side and the aborigines of New Guinea on the other side. Accordingly in our survey of the belief in immortality among the lower races we may appropriately consider the Islanders of Torres Straits immediately after the aborigines of Australia and before we pass onward to other and more distant races. These Islanders have a special claim on the attention of a Cambridge lecturer, since almost all the exact knowledge we possess of them we owe to the exertions of Cambridge anthropologists and especially to Dr. A. C. Haddon, who on his first visit to the islands in 1888 perceived the urgent importance of procuring an accurate record of the old beliefs and customs of the natives before it was too late, and who never rested till that record was obtained, as it happily has been, first by his own unaided researches in the islands, and afterwards by the united researches of a band of competent enquirers. In the history of anthropology the Cambridge Expedition to Torres Straits in 1898 will always hold an honourable place, to the credit of the University which promoted it and especially to that of the zealous and devoted investigator who planned, organised, and carried it to a successful conclusion. Practically all that I shall have to tell you as to the beliefs and practices of the Torres Straits Islanders is derived from
