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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Lind, H. (Hans), author. | Nordlund, Bo, author.
Title: Advanced issues in property valuation : a textbook / Hans Lind, Bo Nordlund.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2021.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021015372 (print) | LCCN 2021015373 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119783367 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119796220 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119796244 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Real property–Valuation.
Classification: LCC HD1387 .L552 2021 (print) | LCC HD1387 (ebook) | DDC 333.33/2–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021015372 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021015373
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: Photographed by MR.ANUJAK JAIMOOK/Getty Images, Brzozowska/E+/Getty Images
Preface
As we have been working with issues related property valuation for many years, there is a large number of people who over the years have influenced our thinking and/or been part of projects that produced some of the research that this book is based on. We would especially like to mention Erik Persson, Stellan Lundström and Christina Gustafsson for many discussions on valuation issues. Neil Crosby is also a person that we have discussed many of these issues with over the years.
Christina Gustafsson should also be thanked for comments on an earlier version and especially the advice to relate the discussion more to documents produced by international organizations like Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) and the International Valuations Standards Council (IVSC). Four anonymous referees should also be thanked for constructive comments on an earlier version.
Finally, we would like to thank all the people at Wiley that have helped us in a constructive and efficient way.
Hans LindBo Nordlund
1 Introduction
1.1 The General Purpose of the Book
There are a number of good basic textbooks on property valuation, e.g. Property Valuation by Peter Wyatt or the Appraisal Institute´s classic book The Appraisal of Real Estate.1 These books present basic concepts and valuation methods with a focus on what you need to know to work with valuation issues in the real estate sector, either as a producer of valuations or in a position where you use valuations, and need to understand and evaluate valuations.
This book has been written as a type of ‘advanced’ textbook that problematizes a number of issues that are presented in the basic textbooks. Things in reality are often not as clear as they are in the basic textbooks. There are different views of how useful different concepts and methods really are. Some of the controversies about concepts and methods typically arise in specific episodes on the market, e.g. after a crash on the market or in situations where there seem to be very optimistic views among actors in the market that may raise concerns whether e.g. real estate assets are ‘overvalued’ in the market. Other differences relate to differences between countries and local traditions. Even though there are international cooperation and standardization, such differences still remain. The aim of the book is to introduce readers to these discussions and to make it possible to have well‐informed opinions on these issues. Some advanced textbooks focus on valuation of specific types of properties – from agriculture to hotels or special purpose buildings – but in this book, the focus is on what could be called more theoretical or conceptual issues, but also on some normative issues related to governance and the role of the valuer.
We think that there are at least two different audiences for the book. The first is students in courses on the Master level, where the student has already read one basic course in valuation or in larger basic courses, where the book can be used in the later part of the course. The book should also be useful in other academic courses, e.g. doctoral courses in real estate.
In an economy that changes quickly, there is also a need for courses for real estate practitioners who want to update and deepen their knowledge about property valuation. We have met the opinion that practitioners primarily want ‘cook‐books’ that tell them exactly what to do and that their interest in more conceptual and theoretical issues is limited. As teachers in a large number of such courses, we strongly disagree. In our view, almost everybody wants to understand what they are doing, why things are done in a certain way and alternative ways of looking at things. A broader perspective should also increase creativity and problem‐solving ability for practioners.
1.2 Overview of Issues Covered
The central concept of market value is discussed in Chapter 2. There are several issues that have been discussed concerning market value. Should the definition refer to prudent and knowledgeable actors when actors in the market are not always knowledgeable or prudent? Conditions that a good definition should fulfil are also discussed in this chapter. The connection between price and turnover also creates problems as observed prices alone then do not reflect the situation on the market. Problems with the concept of highest and best use are also discussed.
Other value concepts than market value are discussed in Chapter 5 that covers valuation for lending purposes, and in Chapter 6 about valuation in accounting contexts.
Chapter 3 looks closer at valuation methods. Typically, these are divided into sales comparisons, income and cost methods (or approaches), but what is really the logic behind this division? It is argued that some of the methods that are often called income methods really should be classified as sales comparison methods. A new classification of valuation is sketched. As properties are heterogenous, there are almost always a need to make adjustments for the remaining differences between the property to be valued and the objects compared with. Different such adjustment methods are also described. Finally, two more general issues are discussed in this
