2e (eds. R.S. Youngquist and W.R. Threlfall), 389–399. Philadelphia: Saunders.4 4 Grooms, D. (2006). Reproductive losses caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus and leptospirosis. Theriogenology 66: 624–628.
5 5 BonDurant, R. (2007). Selected diseases and conditions associated with bovine conceptus loss in the first trimester. Theriogenology 68: 461–473.
6 6 Wentink, G., Frankena, K., Bosch, J. et al. (2000). Prevention of disease transmission by semen in cattle. Livest. Prod. Sci. 62: 207–220.
7 7 Rhinehart, C., Zimmerman, A., Buterbaugh, R. et al. (2012). Efficacy of vaccination of cattle with the Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjoprajitno component of a pentavalent Leptospira bacterin against experimental challenge with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo type hardjo‐bovis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 73: 735–740.
8 8 Bolin, C., Thiermann, B., Handsaker, A., and Foley, J. (1989). Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine on Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo‐bovis infection of pregnant cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 50: 161–165.
9 9 Bolin, C. and Alt, D. (2001). Use of a monovalent leptospiral vaccine to prevent renal colonization and urinary shedding in cattle exposed to Leptospira borgpetersennii serovar hardjo. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62: 995–1000.
10 10 Guitian, J., Thurmond, M., and Hietala, S. (1999). Infertility and abortion among first lactation dairy cows seropositive or seronegative for Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 215: 515–518.
11 11 Kasimanickam, R., Whittier, W., Collins, J. et al. (2007). A field study of the effects of a monovalent Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo strain hardjo‐bovis vaccine administered with oxytetracycline on reproductive performance in beef cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 231: 1709–1714.
12 12 Clark, B., Dufty, J., Monsbourgh, M., and Parsonson, I. (1975). Studies of venereal transmission of Campylobacter fetus by immunised bulls. Aust. Vet. J. 51: 531–532.
13 13 Vasquez, L., Ball, L., Bennett, B. et al. (1983). Bovine genital campylobacteriosis (vibriosis): vaccination of experimentally infected bulls. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44: 1553–1557.
14 14 Givens, M. (2012). Assessment of available vaccines for bulls to prevent transmission of reproductive pathogens. Clin. Theriogenol. 4: 308–313.
15 15 Cobo, E., Cipolla, A., Morsella, C. et al. (2003). Effect of two commercial vaccines to Campylobacter fetus subspecies on heifers naturally challenged. J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis Vet. Public Health 50: 75–80.
16 16 Walz, P., Grooms, D., Passler, T. et al. (2010). Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus in ruminants. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 24: 476–486.
17 17 Kirkland, P., McGowan, M., and Mackintosh, S. (1994). The outcome of widespread use of semen from a bull persistently infected with pestivirus. Vet. Rec. 135: 527–529.
18 18 Kirkland, P., McGowan, M., Mackintosh, S., and Moyle, A. (1997). Insemination of cattle with semen from a bull transiently infected with pestivirus. Vet. Rec. 140: 124–127.
19 19 Voges, H., Horner, G., Rowe, S., and Wellenberg, G. (1998). Persistent bovine pestivirus infection localized in the testes of an immune‐competent, non‐viraemic bull. Vet. Microbiol. 61: 165–175.
20 20 Givens, M., Riddell, K., Edmondson, M. et al. (2009). Epidemiology of prolonged testicular infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Microbiol. 139: 42–51.
21 21 Givens, M., Riddell, K., Walz, P. et al. (2007). Noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus can persist in testicular tissue after vaccination of peri‐pubertal bulls but prevents subsequent infection. Vaccine 25: 867–876.
22 22 Niskanen, R., Alenius, S., Baule, C. et al. (2002). Insemination of susceptible heifers with semen from a non‐viremic bull with persistent bovine virus diarrhea virus infection localized in the testes. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 37: 171–175.
23 23 Kelling, C. (2007). Viral diseases of the fetus. In: Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology, 2e (eds. R.S. Youngquist and W.R. Threlfall), 399–408. Philadelphia: Saunders.
24 24 Pastoret, P., Babiuk, L., Misra, V., and Griebel, P. (1980). Reactivation of temperature‐sensitive infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine virus with dexamethasone. Infect. Immun. 29: 483–488.
25 25 Mitchell, A. (1974). An outbreak of abortion in a dairy herd following inoculation with an intramuscular infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine. Can. Vet. J. 15: 149.
26 26 O'Toole, D., Miller, M., Cavender, J., and Cornish, T. (2012). Pathology in practice. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 241: 189–191.
27 27 Strickland, L. (2009). Bovine trichomoniasis: a review. Clin. Theriogenol. 1: 289–306.
28 28 Cobo, E., Corbeil, L., Gershwin, L., and BonDurant, R. (2010). Preputial cellular and antibody responses of bulls vaccinated and/or challenged with Tritrichomonas foetus. Vaccine 28: 361–370.
29 29 Chenoweth, P. (2000). Bull sex drive and reproductive behavior. In: Topics in Bull Fertility (ed. P.J. Chenoweth). Ithaca, NY: International Veterinary Information Service. Available at www.ivis.org.
30 30 Wenzel, J., Carlson, R., and Wolfe, D. (2012). Bull‐to‐cow ratios: practical formulae for estimating the number of bulls suggested for successful pasture breeding of female cattle. Clin. Theriogenol. 4: 477–479.
31 31 Petherick, J. (2005). A review of some of the factors affecting expression of libido in beef cattle, and individual bull and herd fertility. Appl. Anim. Behav. 90: 185–205.
32 32 Bertram, J., Fordyce, G., McGowan, M. et al. (2002). Bull selection and use in northern Australia 3. Servicing capacity test. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 71: 51–66.
33 33 Fordyce, G., Fitzpatrick, L., Copper, N. et al. (2002). Bull selection and use in northern Australia 5. Social behavior and management. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 71: 81–99.
34 34 Christmas, R. (2000). Management and evaluation considerations for range beef bulls. In: Topics in Bull Fertility (ed. P.J. Chenoweth). Ithaca, NY: International Veterinary Information Service. Available at www.ivis.org.
35 35 Barth, A., Brito, L., and Kastelic, J. (2009). The effect on nutrition on sexual development of bulls. Theriogenology 70: 485–494.
36 36 Chenoweth P, Champagne J, Smith J. (2003), Managing Herd Bulls on Large Dairies. Proceedings of 6th Western Dairy Management Conference, Reno, NV, 12–14 March 2003.
37 37 Risco, C., Chenoweth, P., Smith, B. et al. (1998). Management and economics of natural service bulls in dairy herds. Compend. Contin. Educ. 20: 45–55.
38 38 Chenoweth, P. and Larsen, R. (1992). Selection, use and management of natural service bulls. In: Large Dairy Herd Management, 2e (eds. H.H. Van Horn and C.J. Wilcox), 209. Champaign, IL: American Dairy Science Association.
39 39 Upham, G. (1991). Measuring dairy herd reproductive performance. Bovine Pract. 26: 49–55.
40 40 Champagne J, Kirk J, Reynolds J., 2002, Bull management practices on California dairies: Implications for education and veterinary services. Proceedings of 15th Annual Fall Symposium, University of California, Davis, CA, pp. 15–21.
41 41 Hancock, A., Younis, P., Beggs, D. et al.
