suture pattern (3–0 or 4–0 chromic gut) and the skin can be closed with 0 chromic gut or other dissolvable suture using an interrupted pattern (Figure 19.64). The incision site is gently rinsed with dilute Betadine solution, an antibiotic ointment (bovine intramammary infusion medication) is liberally applied, and the penis is returned to the prepuce. Systemic antibiotics are administered for 4–5 days and the penis can be manually extended for examination in 7–10 days. Three months of sexual rest is recommended.
Figure 19.63 Closure of apical ligament.
Figure 19.64 Closure of penile and preputial epithelium.
References
1 1 Hopper, R. (2016). Management of male reproductive tract injuries and disease. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 32 (2): 497–510.
2 2 McEntee, K. (1950). Fibropapilloma of the external genitalia of cattle. Cornell Vet. 40: 304–312.
3 3 Wolfe, D. (1986). Surgical procedures of the reproductive system of the bull. In: Current Therapy in Theriogenology, 2e (ed. D.A. Morrow), 353–379. Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
4 4 Wolfe, D., Beckett, S., and Carson, R. (1998). Acquired conditions of the penis and prepuce. In: Large Animal Urogenital Surgery, 2e (eds. D.F. Wolfe and H.D. Moll), 237–272. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
5 5 Hopper, R., King, H., Walters, K., and Christiansen, D. (2012). Selected surgical conditions of the bull. Clin. Theriogenol. 4 (3): 339–348.
6 6 Memon, M., Dawson, L., Usenik, E. et al. (1988). Preputial injuries in bulls: 172 cases (1982–1985). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 193: 481.
7 7 Wolfe, D. and Rodning, S. (2009). Diagnosis and management of juvenile anomalies of the penis and prepuce. In: Current Veterinary Therapy. Food Animal Practice, 5e (eds. D.E. Anderson and D.M. Rings), 340–341. St Louis: Saunders.
8 8 Dawson L, Rice L, Morgan G. Management of preputial prolapse in the bull. Fact Sheet. Mathews, AL: Society for Theriogenology, 1989.
9 9 Wolfe, D. (1986). Surgical procedures of the reproductive system of the bull. In: Current Therapy in Theriogenology, 2e (ed. D.A. Morrow), 353. Philadelphia, 380: WB Saunders.
10 10 Lagos, F. and Fitzhugh, H. (1970). Factors influencing preputial prolapse in yearling bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 30: 949–952.
11 11 Walker, D. (1979). Penile surgery in the bovine: part II. Mod. Vet. Pract. 60: 931–934.
12 12 Anderson, D. (2008). Surgery of the prepuce and penis. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 24: 245–251.
13 13 St. Jean, G. (1995). Male reproductive surgery. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 11: 55–93.
14 14 Hudson R. (1978), The effect of penile injuries on the breeding ability of bulls. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Theriogenology, Oklahoma City, OK, pp. 83–86.
15 15 Carson R. (1990) Corpus cavernosal filling defects. Proceedings of the First Hudson‐Walker Theriogenology Symposium, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, pp. 47–49.
16 16 Ashdown, R. and Pearson, H. (1971). The functional significance of the dorsal apical ligament of the bovine penis. Res. Vet. Sci. 12: 183–184.
17 17 Walker, D. (1972). Deviations of the bovine penis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 147: 677–682.
18 18 Hanselka, D. (1973). Bovine penile deviations: a review. Southwest Vet. 3: 265–271.
19 19 Ashdown, R. and Smith, J. (1969). The anatomy of the corpus cavernosum penis of the bull and its relationship to spiral deviation of the penis. J. Anat. 104: 153–159.
20 20 Seidel, G. and Foote, R. (1969). Motion picture analysis of ejaculation in the bull. J. Reprod. Fertil. 20: 313–317.
21 21 Beckett, S., Reynolds, T., Walker, D. et al. (1974). Experimentally induced rupture of the corpus cavernosum penis of the bull. Am. J. Vet. Res. 35: 765–767.
22 22 Walker D, Young S., (1979), The fascia lata implant technique for correcting bovine penile deviations. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Theriogenology, Mobile, AL, pp. 99–102.
20 Management of Urolithiasis
Gretchen Grissett
Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
Introduction
Urolithiasis is an economically significant disease of ruminants. In cattle, fatal urolithiasis is reported anywhere from 3 to 10% [1, 2]. Treatment and prevention of urolithiasis is a continual challenge for bovine practitioners and producers. The morbidity and mortality is devastating for not only steers in feedlots, but also breeding soundness for bulls.
Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease involving diet, urine pH, and body water balance. Contributing factors include ruminant anatomy, factors favoring nidus development, factors precipitating solutes, and factors favoring cementing of stones. Uroliths occur when minerals precipitate from the urine and bind to an organic matrix or nidus [3]. The organic matrix is a mixture of urinary peptides, proteins, and mucopolysaccharides [3]. The proteinaceous aspect of the matrix can consist of desquamated epithelial cells, casts, or other urinary tract debris for infection or inflammation; however, this is uncommon in ruminants [3].
In cattle, urolithiasis typically falls into two categories: animals consuming high concentrate rations and pastured animals consuming grasses high in silica [4]. High concentrate rations usually fed with feedlot and show animals contain a low calcium to phosphorus ratio. High phosphorus rations typically create phosphate calculi (calcium, ammonium, and magnesium), with struvite being the most common [4, 5]. Ruminants afflicted with phosphate urolithiasis typically have multiple offending calculi that are smooth, soft, and sandy in appearance. These are the uroliths typically associated with calculi on the preputial hairs. Cattle grazing pastures in the western USA high in silica are most at risk of developing silicate uroliths. Silicate uroliths can even occur after removal of the offending forage [4]. Oat grain and oat straw are also high in silica and can be the etiology of silica urolith in the absence of grazing a pasture high in silica [4]. Cattle afflicted with silica urolithiasis typically obstruct with a single urolith that is rough, hard, and white measuring approximately 4–7 mm in diameter. One retrospective study reported 6.6% of cases afflicted with two distinct calculi [5]. Carbonate and oxalate uroliths are uncommonly encountered in cattle [4]. Carbonate uroliths are associated with consumption of legumes and oxalate uroliths are associated with consumption of oxalate‐containing plants such as clover, halogeton, greasewood, soursob, and sorrel [6].
Uroliths tend to form in alkaline urine in ruminants with normal pH ranging from 7 to 9.5. Increasing urine pH results in increasing likelihood
