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Preface
The goal of this book is to provide a profound contribution to the research about liquid biofuel technologies from fundamental to applications for engineers and scientists.
This book is an advanced assemblage of twenty chapters including “Introduction to Biomass to Biofuels Technologies”, “Advancements of Cavitation Technology in Biodiesel Production – from Fundamental Concept to Commercial Scale-up”, “Heterogeneous Catalyst for Pyrolysis and Biodiesel Production”, “Algal biofuel: Emergent applications in next generation Biofuel Technology”, “Co-liquefaction of Biomass to Biofuels”, “Biomass to Bio Jet Fuels: A Take Off to the Aviation Industry”, “Advance in Bio-ethanol Technology: Production and Characterization”, “Effect of Process Parameters on the Production of Pyrolytic Products from Biomass Through Pyrolysis”, “Thermo-Catalytic Conversion of Non-Edible Seeds (Extractive-Rich Biomass) to Fuel Oil”, “Suitability of Oil Seed Residues as a Potential Source of Bio-Fuels and Bioenergy”, “Co-Conversion of Algal Biomass to Biofuel”, “Pyrolysis of Caryota Urens Seeds: Fuel Properties and Compositional Analysis”, “Bio-Butanol as Biofuels: The Present and Future Scope”, “Application of Nanotechnology in the Production of Biofuel”, “Experimental Investigation of Long Run Viability of Engine Oil Properties in DI Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diesel, Bioethanol and Biodiesel Blend”, “Studies on the Diesel Blends Oxidative Stability in Mixture with TBHQ Antioxidant and Soft Computation Approach Using ANN and RSM at Varying Blend Ratio”, “Effect of Nanoparticles in Bio-Oil on the Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine”, “Use of Optimization Techniques to Study the Engine Performance and Emission Analysis of Diesel Engine”, “Engine Performance and Emission Analysis of Biodiesel-Diesel and Biomass Pyrolytic Oil-Diesel Blended Oil: A Comparative Study”, and “Agro-Waste for Second-Generation Biofuels”.
I take the prospect to express my honest thanks to all the proficient authors from India, Turkey, Qatar, United Kingdom, and Taiwan who have imparted their enthusiastic efforts in contributing such beautiful and very informative chapters with the most recent literature and case studies on fundamentals and applications of liquid biofuels.
Copious support and encouragement from my parents, elder brother, sister-in-law, and my sweet wife has provided me the confidence and strength to technically manage and complete this book.
I also thank Wiley-Scrivener for the cooperation in developing this comprehensive book.
Dr. Krushna Prasad Shadangi Assistant Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
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Introduction to Biomass to Biofuels Technologies
Ezgi Rojda Taymaz, Mehmet Emin Uslu and Irem Deniz*
Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Muradiye-Manisa, Turkey
Abstract
Biofuels are renewable, environmentally friendly, alternative fuels suitable for use as heat, power and alternative engine fuel, important for the socioeconomic development of countries, resource diversity and supply security. Applications of liquid-solid-gas biofuels obtained from biomass in energy sources are increasing rapidly. The bioenergy sector has a rather complex structure due to the diversity of potential raw materials and technical ways to convert biomass into energy. Sixty percent of the biomass is derived from agricultural waste, and various conversion techniques are applied to these organic wastes for bioenergy production. The most important alternative biofuels based on biomass can be classified as bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, bio-methanol, bio-methyl ether and bio-oil. The most common biofuels are bioethanol and biodiesel. Biofuels have been found to increase its usability due to being based on renewable biological resources and non-toxic, having a good biodegradability, causing very low emissions when burned and being environmentally friendly. This chapter investigates biomass resources and biofuel technologies in a bio-refinery concept.
Keywords: Biomass, biofuel, bio-refinery, conversion techniques, energy, liquid biofuels
1.1 Introduction
Non-fossil biomass can be used for bioenergy production. This bioenergy is called biomass energy and is defined as the conversion of energy from the sun by plants. Its principle is to use the energy stored in the plant in its transformed form when needed. Biomass energy is examined in two groups as classical and modern. Classical biomass energy consists of firewood, plant and animal residues obtained from conventional forests. The main character of the use of classical biomass energy is that the energy from the biomass material is obtained through various combustion tools and direct combustion techniques from primitive to developed ones. Modern biomass resources are listed as energy forestry products, forest and wood industry wastes, energy agriculture, vegetable and animal wastes in the agricultural sector, urban wastes, and agriculture-based industrial wastes [1].
Biomass materials are transformed into biofuels after pre-preparation and conversion. Biofuels can be used for heat and electricity production. Biofuel use ranges from large central power station to vehicles. Modern biomass energy techniques are based on transforming the material so that the physical condition remains constant and/or changed. Biomass is divided into low biomass techniques and high biomass techniques. Low biomass techniques are direct combustion, anaerobic decomposition, fermentation-distillation processes. High biomass techniques consist of pyrolysis, hydrogasification, acid hydrolysis, and biological hydrogen production processes. Modern biomass energy is a sustainable energy source, in full compliance with the environment. Biofuels are the general names of gas, liquid and solid products obtained by passing agricultural products, wood, animal, plant and urban waste through various biochemical and/or thermochemical conversion processes. Gas biofuels; bio-hydrogen, biogas, synthetic gases, solid biofuels; wood coal, bio-char, bio-pellet, bio-bricket, liquid biofuels; bioethanol, biodiesel, bio-methanol, bio-methyletheter and vegetable oils [1, 2].
It is possible to produce both energy and new chemicals using different methods from biomass. Biogas and ethanol can be produced by fermentation in anaerobic environment [3]. Gas fuel and activated carbon are produced by pyrolysis from wastes with a high percentage of solid with thermal decomposition. Synthetic fuel (syngas) production can be made by hydrogasification and hydrogenation. Heat energy and electricity are produced by burning garbage and solid wastes directly with air. Organic fertilizer is produced as a result of composting of garbage and animal feces [1].
1.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass and Its Composition
Various agricultural by-products and vegetal wastes that are released to the environment as solid wastes can be considered as biomass sources. Such substances show similarities with wood in terms of their general properties and chemical structures and are called lignocellulosic biomass. Lignocellulosic
