in an objective grading or scorecarding process.
Negotiations
Once you've received, refined, and analyzed the initial proposals, you will move into the Negotiation phase of Strategic Sourcing. At this stage, you will develop target price points for the products or services you buy, identify preferred suppliers (incumbents or alternates), and request that suppliers meet the established targets in order to win your business. Chapter 6 provides strategies for identifying price targets and leveraging multiple bidders against one another.
As discussed in Chapter 6, organizations should not view Negotiations as separate from the rest of the Strategic Sourcing process. Even thinking of it as a distinct “phase” can be misleading. Some form of negotiations should be taking place with the supplier community throughout the Strategic Sourcing process.
Contracting
Once you've selected the final supplier (or suppliers), your next step is to award the business. The Contracting phase converts the business terms you agreed to during the sourcing phase into a legally binding document that details the rules of engagement between the customer (you) and the supplier. The Contracting phase does not necessarily end with a signed contract. It could result in a pricing agreement with agreed‐to terms or a simple purchase order.
Implementation and Continuous Improvement
Often overlooked, Implementation and Continuous Improvement ensure that the work performed throughout the Strategic Sourcing process pays off for years to come. Simply entering into an agreement with a preferred supplier does not result in cost savings. You need to ensure end users and stakeholders adhere to agreed‐upon terms and crack down on maverick purchasing. You need to track savings to ensure the supplier is holding up its end of the bargain (price) and your organization is holding up its own end (volume). This means rolling the agreement out internally, reviewing invoiced pricing as well as other internal documentation to ensure internal customers are not buying off‐contract, and requesting credits for improper billings—and that's just the start.
IN SUMMARY
Part One of this book covers each of the steps in the Strategic Sourcing process in great detail. While some of the challenges discussed may not apply to your organization, we have taken care to use examples we find in many of the organizations we work with, regardless of size, industry, or type of project.
While the Strategic Sourcing process on its own can produce cost savings, working to optimize your results requires reflecting on the steps in the process and determining the best way to customize those steps for your organization. Developing cost‐savings strategies, delving into market research, and negotiating with both internal stakeholders and external suppliers requires a highly creative approach—it is not all analytics. Applying Strategic Sourcing techniques to indirect spend categories can be a challenging endeavor; however, for organizations looking to cut costs or enhance profitability, these spend areas can provide a wealth of untapped savings opportunities.
CHAPTER 2 Data Collection and Spend Analysis
COLLECTING AND ANALYZING DATA isn't just the starting point for any Strategic Sourcing initiative; it lays the foundation for success. The information you gather during this phase is used to quantify results later on, but the Data Collection phase is about much more than just gathering and analyzing information. Approaching it with care can help build sponsorship within your organization, inspire collaboration, and create the required momentum to generate optimal results.
In this chapter, we start from the beginning. We discuss pulling data out of internal accounting systems and analyzing it in order to develop a roadmap for potential Strategic Sourcing initiatives. We then examine how to gather data for specific projects, kick off your efforts, and engage suppliers and stakeholders.
WHAT IS DATA COLLECTION?
The Data Collection phase is where you generate the insights that will drive you throughout the rest of your initiative. Those insights will inform your strategy and ensure that the products and services you source will align with your organization's requirements. Having a detailed understanding of your current state in terms of price, quality, and service provides the context for analyzing offers from alternate suppliers in a much more meaningful way. In addition, establishing an accurate starting point helps justify your position when you need to ensure alignment or justify your decision‐making.
By collecting and developing a thorough understanding of the data, you have a foundation to conduct a gap analysis and to explore new or changing requirements. Providing alternate suppliers with a complete and accurate picture of your requirements eliminates any guesswork they may need to incorporate in their proposals and eliminates additional costs that may arise due to ambiguity. Before digging into the most effective ways to collect data, let's first identify the types of data you need to get started on an initiative.
On the surface, quantity and price may look like simple data points. However, once you begin to dig, you will discover that some tricky complexity can be hidden within these data points. For example, a logical first set of questions is, “How much does the company buy (total units) and how much does it cost (price per unit)?” As you explore the answer, the notion of price quickly grows in complexity when you realize that unit cost is not the only component you need to consider. A number of other factors come into play: Are there quantity price breaks? Is freight included, or are there additional charges? What are the payment terms, and is there a discount for early payment?
In many cases, net cost per unit is not the only way (nor the most advisable way) to evaluate price. Consider, for example, an initiative that includes a basket of items, some purchased regularly and others rather infrequently, such as office supplies. In this scenario, high‐volume items might be identified as having a fixed unit price, but what about items for which a fixed price wasn't negotiated? This is a fairly common occurrence because it is not likely that you will have negotiated a fixed unit price for everything in a supplier's catalog. Still, controlling the costs of the less‐frequent purchases is also important. For these items, you likely have a discount structure based on a list price. For instance, pens and pencils that are not listed as contract items might receive a 20% discount off of the list price. In this example, price is a combination of net costs, list prices, and discounts. Collecting pricing information may appear to be a simple concept, but as you can see, many factors must be considered to understand the total cost.
Usage or volume (how much you buy of a particular product or service) is the other basic component of the Data Collection phase. In most cases, companies consider the last 12 months of usage to be reflective of future purchases. However, this may not always be the case. If business has decreased or increased, processes have changed, or requirements are being met through alternate means, volume will likely have shifted, and those changes must be documented before engaging in the RFx phase. In some cases, consolidating volumes across locations (if you have multiple sites buying the same products) might make sense. In other cases, the data should stay separate. Order size may also make a big difference, so line‐item detail for purchases across locations becomes critical. As we discuss later in this chapter, getting this level of detail out of your own internal systems can be a challenge—sometimes it is impossible.
Price and usage are the foundation of a spend analysis, but many other factors should also be considered while you're collecting and analyzing
