style="font-size:15px;"> 8.1 Bitcoin nodes.
8.2 The relationship between private key, public key, and address in Bitcoin.
8.3 Bitcoin transaction structure.
8.4 An example transaction chain in Bitcoin.
8.5 Bitcoin transactions per block data since its inception in 2009 through September 15, 2020. The data are downloaded from https://www.blockchain.com/charts/n-transactions-per-block.
8.6 Bitcoin block structure.
8.7 An issue with Bitcoin Merkle tree computation where different trees could produce the same Merkle root.
8.8 Bitcoin blockchain consensus and conflict resolution.
8.9 Structure of Ethereum transaction.
8.10 State transition via transaction in Bitcoin and Ethereum.
8.11 Ethereum smart contract structure.
8.12 An example transaction receipt in the JSON format. The content is color-coded. The yellow blocks are identifier information for the transaction, the contract invoked, and the block in which the transaction reside. The blue block contains the cumulative gas used. The green block contains the logs. The red block contains the logs Bloom filter string. The purple block contains the status of the transaction (success or not). The pink block contains the gas used for this transaction alone.
8.13 Ethereum block structure.
8.14 The annotated source code on verification of an ommer block.
8.15 An example on what kind of stale blocks may be chosen as an ommer block.
8.16 The annotated source code on the block reward scheme in Ethereum.
8.17 The cache size vs. the epoch number.
8.18 The dataset size vs. the epoch number.
8.19 The Ethash algorithm.
8.20 The double-spending attack steps.
9.1 A model for public blockchain consensus.
9.2 Main loop used by a mining node to compete in the creation of a new block using PoS in PeerCoin.
9.3 Major steps in the CreateNewBlock function in PeerCoin PoS.
9.4 Major steps in the CreateCoinStake function in PeerCoin PoS.
9.5 Major steps in the CheckStakeKernelHash function in PeerCoin PoS.
9.6 Information included in the data stream for computing PoS hash.
9.7 Major steps in PoET consensus.
10.1 Main benefits of blockchain for applications.
10.2 A model for cyber-physical systems.
10.3 Blockchain-enabled CPS applications.
10.4 Key operations and their relationship with the CPS applications and the blockchain benefits.
10.5 Basic CPS operations with respect to the latency and throughput requirements.
10.6 Stale block rate for different block sizes and block intervals.
10.7 Throughput for different combinations of block sizes and block intervals.
10.8 Payment channel operation.
10.9 Two level logging for sensing data with blockchain.
10.10 The format for the raw data (together with the aggregated data tuple) for local logging.
10.11 Summary of the token paradigm.
10.12 A classification of blockchain applications based on token usage.
10.13 The impossibility trinity hypothesis.
List of Tables
7.1 Messages received and final decisions in two cases for OM(1,4).
7.2 Messages received and step (3) calculation in two cases for instances of OM(1) at G1.
7.3 Messages received and step (3) calculation in two cases for instances of OM(1) at G2.
7.4 Messages received and step (3) calculation in two cases for instances of OM(1) at G3.
7.5 Messages received and step (3) calculation in two cases for instances of OM(1) at G4.
7.6 Messages received and step (3) calculation in two cases for instances of OM(1) at G5.
7.7 Final decision made at each lieutenant in step (3) of OM(2).
10.1 Blockchain-enabled IoT-based applications.
10.2 Blockchain-enabled supply chain applications.
10.3 Blockchain-enabled manufacturing applications.
10.4 Blockchain-enabled automobile production.
10.5 Blockchain-enabled energy systems.
10.6 Blockchain-enabled healthcare systems.
10.7 Blockchain-enabled smart city.
10.8 Blockchain-enabled workplace.
10.9 General discussions on blockchain-enabled CPS applications.
Acknowledgments
This book is dedicated to my parents. They tried their best to help me pursue my dreams through so many years’ financial hardship. They took their life savings to pay the government so that I could be free to emigrate to the greatest country on earth. When I stumbled and had nowhere else to go, they took me under their wings and took care of me. I am forever in their debt.
I also would like to thank my beautiful wife, Hao, and my lovely children Dorothy, Emily, and Arthur. It is them that make my life so enjoyable and meaningful.
W. Z.
Preface
Cloud services are playing an ever increasingly important role in all aspects of our society, governments, businesses, and individuals alike. We depend on these services on a daily basis, such as financial (e.g., online banking and stock trading), e-commerce (e.g.,
