Alkylresorcinols and Their Metabolites as Biomarkers for Whole grain Wheat and Rye
7.1 Introduction
7.2 What is a biomarker?
7.3 Dietary biomarkers
7.4 Discovery and validation of a biomarker
7.5 Biomarkers of whole grain intake and cereal fibre
7.6 Alkylresorcinols as biomarkers of whole grain wheat and rye
7.7 Analytical methods
7.8 Dose‐response
7.9 Reproducibility
7.10 Relative validity
7.11 Applications
7.12 Interventions
7.13 References
16 8 Body Composition and Weight Management 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Obesity prevalence around the globe 8.3 Abdominal adiposity and cardiometabolic risk 8.4 Studies investigating the link between body weight and whole grain consumption 8.5 Defining grain ingredients and foods in observational studies 8.6 Defining grain ingredients and foods in intervention studies 8.7 Evidence from observational studies 8.8 Intervention studies 8.9 Studies without calorie‐restriction 8.10 Studies with calorie‐restriction 8.11 Proposed mechanism of action by which whole grains influence weight gain 8.12 Conclusion 8.13 Acknowledgements 8.14 References
17 9 Whole Grains and Type 2 Diabetes 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Evidence from epidemiological studies 9.3 Evidence from randomized controlled trials 9.4 Potential biological mechanisms 9.5 Conclusions and future directions References
18 10 Whole Grains and Cardiovascular Disease 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Whole grains and CVD 10.3 Summary 10.4 References
19 11 Whole Grains and Cancer Risk 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Diet and cancer 11.3 Dietary fibre and colorectal cancer risk 11.4 Possible cancer protective mechanisms 11.5 Colorectal cancer 11.6 Breast cancer 11.7 Other cancers 11.8 Cancer patients and prognosis 11.9 Epidemiological evidence – colorectal cancer 11.10 Epidemiological evidence – breast cancer 11.11 Epidemiological evidence – prostate cancer 11.12 Epidemiological evidence – endometrial cancer 11.13 Epidemiological evidence – stomach cancer 11.14 Epidemiological evidence – whole grains and cancer prognosis 11.15 Conclusion 11.16 Acknowledgments 11.17 References
20 12 Whole Grain Intake and Mortality 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Epidemiological evidence 12.3 Types of whole grain products and varieties of grain 12.4 Dietary patterns with whole grains and mortality 12.5 Human intervention studies 12.6 Cell and animal studies 12.7 Conclusion 12.8 References
21 13 Whole Grains and Appetite 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Acute effects of whole grain intake on appetite 13.3 Potential mechanisms
