advanced finite element computer programs, that work efficiently and reliably for very large classes of problems, and all admissible data that characterize those problems, is well established today. It must be borne in mind, however, that finite element solutions and engineering data extracted from them can be valuable only if they serve the purposes of making correct engineering decisions.
Our purpose in writing this book is to introduce the finite element method to engineers and engineering students in the context of the engineering decision‐making process. Basic engineering and mathematical concepts are the starting points. Key theoretical results are summarized and illustrated by examples. The focus is on the developments in finite element analysis technology during the 1980s and their impact on reliability, quality assurance procedures in finite element computations, and performance. The principles that guide the construction of mathematical models are described and illustrated by examples.
Notes
1 1 Turner MJ, Clough RW, Martin HC and Topp LJ, Stiffness and deflection analysis of complex structures. Journal of Aeronautical Sciences 23(9), 805–824, 1956.
2 2 Williamson CF, Jr. A History of the Finite Element Method to the Middle 1960s. Doctoral Dissertation, Boston University, 1976.
3 3 Babuška I and Rheinboldt WC. Adaptive approaches and reliability estimations in finite element analysis. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 17/18, 519–540, 1979.
4 4 Szabó BA and Mehta AK. p‐convergent finite element approximations in fracture mechanics. Int. J. Num. Meth. Engng., 12. 551–560, 1978.
5 5 Babuška I, Szabó B and Katz IN. The p‐version of the finite element method. SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 18, 515–545, 1981.
6 6 Babuška I. The p‐ and hp‐versions of the finite element method. The state of the art. In: DL Dwoyer, MY Hussaini and RG Voigt, editors, Finite Elements: Theory and Applications, Springer‐Verlag New York, Inc., 1988.
7 7 Maday Y and Patera AT. Spectral element methods for the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations. In: AK Noor and JT Oden, editors. State‐of‐the‐Art Surveys on Computational Mechanics, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1989.
Preface
This book, Finite Element Analysis: Method, Verification and Validation, 2nd Edition, is written by two well‐recognized, leading experts on finite element analysis. The first edition, published in 1991, was a landmark contribution in finite element methods, and has now been updated and expanded to include the increasingly important topic of error estimation, validation – the process to ascertain that the mathematical/numerical model meets acceptance criteria – and verification – the process for acceptability of the approximate solution and computed data. The systematic treatment of formulation, verification and validation procedures is a distinguishing feature of this book and sets it apart from other texts on finite elements. It encapsulates contemporary research on proper model selection and control of modeling errors. Unique features of the book are accessibility and readability for students and researchers alike, providing guidance on modeling, simulation and implementation issues. It is an essential, self-contained book for any person who wishes to fully master the finite element method.
About the companion website
This book is accompanied by a companion website:
www.wiley.com/go/szabo/finite_element_analysis
The website includes solutions manual, PowerPoint slides for instructors, and a link to finite element software
1 Introduction to the finite element method
This book covers the fundamentals of the finite element method in the context of numerical simulation with specific reference to the simulation of the response of structural and mechanical components to mechanical and thermal loads.
We begin with the question: what is the meaning of the term “simulation”? By its dictionary definition, simulation is the imitative representation of the functioning of one system or process by means of the functioning of another. For instance, the membrane analogy introduced by Prandtl1 in 1903 made it possible to find the shearing stresses in bars of arbitrary cross‐section, loaded by a twisting moment, through mapping the deflected shape of a thin elastic membrane. In other words, the distribution and magnitude of shearing stress in a twisted bar can be simulated by the deflected shape of an elastic membrane.
The membrane analogy exists because two unrelated phenomena can be modeled by the same partial differential equation. The physical meaning associated with the coefficients of the differential equation depends on which problem is being solved. However, the solution of one is proportional to the solution of the other: At corresponding points the shearing stress in a bar, subjected to a twisting moment, is oriented in the direction of the tangent to the contour lines of a deflected thin membrane and its magnitude is proportional to the slope of the membrane. Furthermore, the volume enclosed by the deflected membrane is proportional to the twisting moment.
In the pre‐computer years the membrane analogy provided practical means for estimating shearing stresses in prismatic bars. This involved cutting the shape of the cross‐section out of sheet metal or a wood panel, covering the hole with a thin elastic membrane, applying pressure to the membrane and mapping the contours of the deflected membrane. In present‐day practice both problems would be formulated as mathematical problems which would then be solved by a numerical method, most likely by the finite element method.
There are many other useful analogies. For example, the same differential equations simulate the response of assemblies of mechanical components, such as linear spring‐mass‐viscous damper systems and assemblies of electrical components, such as capacitors, inductors and resistors. This has been exploited by the use of analogue computers. Obviously, it is much easier to build and manipulate electrical circuitry than mechanical assemblies. In present‐day practice both simulation problems would be formulated as mathematical problems which would be solved by a numerical method.
At the heart of simulation of aspects of physical reality is a mathematical problem cast in a generalized form2. The solution of the mathematical problem is approximated by a numerical method, such as the finite element method, which is the subject of this book. The quantities of interest (QoI) are extracted from the approximate solution. The errors of approximation in the QoI depend on how the mathematical problem was discretized3 and how the QoI were extracted from the numerical solution. When the errors of approximation are larger than what is considered acceptable then the discretization has to be changed either by an automated adaptive process or by action of the
