3Figure 3.1 Development history of primary single crystal scintillator [2, 3]...Figure 3.2 Scintillation mechanism of activator‐doped inorganic scintillator...Figure 3.3 A photo showing different inorganic scintillation single crystal ...Figure 3.4 (a) Photograph of SrI2:Eu crystal grown by a modified micro‐pulli...Figure 3.5 Single crystal scintillation element used in CMS calorimetric det...Figure 3.6 Crystallographic structure of LSO showing 2 Lu sites Lu1 and Lu2,...Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram of LSO single crystal growth by Czochralski met...Figure 3.8 Top: A LYSO ingot grown by SIPAT with constant diameter of 60 and...Figure 3.9 Semitransparent LSO:Ce ceramic of the thickness of 1 mm.Figure 3.10 Schematic of garnet crystal structure.Figure 3.11 Garnets single crystals: (a) LuAP:Pr with 20 mm diameter and 50 ...Figure 3.12 TEM morphologies of the LuAG nanopowders synthesized by co‐preci...Figure 3.13 (a) Transmittance of LuAG:Pr ceramic samples with aliovalent sin...Figure 3.14 Pictures of: (a) gel‐cast; (b) calcined; (c) vacuum sintered; an...Figure 3.15 Photos of the GGAG:Ce3+,xYb3+ (x = 0, 0.03, 0.09, 0.15, 0.3 at.%...Figure 3.16 Depiction of the two Lu3+ symmetry sites in Lu2O3.Figure 3.17 Photographs and scatterometry of ceramics after 1850 °C HIP trea...Figure 3.18 (a) Normalized emission spectra under X‐ray excitation of LYSO:C...Figure 3.19 XANES spectra of LYSO:Ce,Mg and LYSO:Ce,Ca single crystals compa...Figure 3.20 TSL glow curves of the LuAG:Ce single crystals SC‐1820, SC‐1700,...Figure 3.21 (a) LuAl anti‐site defect in LuAG structure. Insert upper figure...Figure 3.22 Sketch of the scintillation mechanism at the stable Ce3+ (left) ...Figure 3.23 (a) LY of LuAG:Ce,Mg ceramics versus Mg2+ co‐doping (measured wi...Figure 3.24 Scintillation decay profiles of GGAG:Ce and Ca2+‐co‐doped GGAG:C...Figure 3.25 (a) Idealized fragment of LuAG crystal structure by experiment....Figure 3.26 Absorption spectra (a), TSL curves (b) and pulse‐height spectra ...Figure 3.27 XEL emission integrals of the 5d‐4f (250–450 nm), 4f‐4f (450–700...Figure 3.28 Energy level scheme related to the “band‐gap engineering”. VB an...Figure 3.29 Energy spectra of GAGG:1 at.%Ce and LYSO:Ce standard excited by ...Figure 3.30 Pulse height spectrum acquired with a 137Cs source shows that a ...Figure 3.31 Afterglow ~5 sec after the removal of UV excitation seen by the ...Figure 3.32 (a) TSL glow curves for LuAG:Pr and LuYAG:Pr integrated into the...Figure 3.33 Afterglow intensity and light output as a function of Ce content...Figure 3.34 Energy band diagram of GOS and position of the ground 4fn levels...Figure 3.35 A comparison of radioluminescence spectra of Lu2O3:5 at.%Eu scin...Figure 3.36 The effect on luminescence intensity of doping different lanthan...Figure 3.37 (a) Sketch of flat panel imaging. (b) Photographs of laser‐cut c...Figure 3.38 (a) The photograph of the polished bilayer structure LuAG:Pr/LuA...4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 (a) Electric field and magnetic field in electromagnetic wave, (b...Figure 4.2 Magnetic hysteresis image for ferromagnetic (ferrimagnetic) and p...Figure 4.3 Setup for measuring the Verdet constant of paramagnetic materials...Figure 4.4 Polarization characteristics of Dy2O3 ceramics with 7 mm thicknes...Figure 4.5 An example of measurement results for the insertion loss and exti...Figure 4.6 Image of thermal and refractive index distribution in a medium fo...Figure 4.7 Image of refractive index of light in index ellipsoid.Figure 4.8 Relationship between the laser fluence and damage probability to ...Figure 4.9 Damage cracks in (a) TGG single crystal and (b) TGG ceramic sampl...Figure 4.10 TGG ceramics samples.Figure 4.11 A photograph of TGG ceramics samples [25].Figure 4.12 A photograph of TGG ceramics samples (a) and transmittance curve...Figure 4.13 (a) Schematic showing the experimental setup for investigating T...Figure 4.14 A photograph of the TAG ceramics.Figure 4.15 Transmittance calculated from Fresnel loss and in‐line transmitt...Figure 4.16 Appearance of (a) rod‐shaped ceramics and (b) disk‐shaped TAG ce...Figure 4.17 Temperature dependence of the Verdet constant of different ceram...Figure 4.18 Crystal structure characterization and effect on optical transpa...Figure 4.19 In‐line transmission spectra and photo of the studied (DyxY0.95−...Figure 4.20 (a) Appearance of the produced Dy2O3 ceramics, (b) outside view ...Figure 4.21 Extinction characteristics of the Dy2O3 ceramics with 7 mm thick...Figure 4.22 In‐line transmittance curves of the (Tb0.6Y0.4)2O3 and Tb2O3 cer...Figure 4.23 Relationship between the concentration of Tb ions in (TbxY1−x...Figure 4.24 Faraday rotation characteristics of the TYO ceramics in comparis...Figure 4.25 (a) XRD patterns of Ho2O3 ceramics. The inset is a photo of the ...Figure 4.26 Wavelength dependence of the Verdet constant of THO ceramics in ...Figure 4.27 In‐line transmittance spectra of YIG ceramics after pressureless...Figure 4.28 (a) Open nicol and (b) crossed nicol of YIG ceramics measured by...Figure 4.29 (a) Transmittance spectra of Bi‐doped GIG single crystal by LPE ...Figure 4.30 Faraday rotation angle of produced (BixY3−x)Fe5O12 ceramic...Figure 4.31 (a) Conventional TEM image and (b) lattice structure around grai...Figure 4.32 Faraday rotation angle of produced (CexY3−x)Fe5O12 ceramic...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 (a) 1880s illustration of the nightly illumination of a gaslight ...Figure 5.2 (a) Lucalox (left) and regular alumina (right) ceramic disk illus...Figure 5.3 (a) The schematic market size of LEDs in Japan; (b) temporal deve...Figure 5.4 (a) Historical evolution of the performance (lm/W) of commercial ...Figure 5.5 (a) The LED operation principle, (b) radiative recombination of a...Figure 5.6 (a) Schematic imaging of a packaged round LED; (b) schematic LED ...Figure 5.7 Chip designs for blue‐emitting InGaN LEDs: (a) schematic of a fli...Figure 5.8 Approaches to solid‐state white sources for general lighting appl...Figure 5.9 External quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of AlGaInP‐ and GaInAs‐based...Figure 5.10 (a) “Full conversion” and (b) “partial conversion” concepts of t...Figure 5.11 (a) Article of the Japanese newspaper Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun on t...Figure 5.12 (a) Unit cell of garnet structure with dodecahedron {A} site, oc...Figure 5.13 (a) Simplified illustration of the effect of Coulombic field, sp...Figure 5.14 Schematic configurational coordinate diagram of Ce3+ in YAG.Figure 5.15 (a) Schematic model of energy shift of Ce3+ and electron transfe...Figure 5.16 (a) The flowchart to obtain quantum yield (QY) of ceramic phosph...Figure 5.17 Luminous efficacy (lm/W) of human eyes in photopic vision (light...Figure 5.18 The Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) 1931 color‐ma...Figure 5.19 (a) CIE chromaticity diagram (color space) including the color t...Figure 5.20 (a) Test color samples from No.1 to 15.(b) a depiction of an...Figure 5.21 Three methods of generating white light from LEDs: (a) red + gre...Figure 5.22 Power‐conversion efficiencies versus input power density of a st...Figure 5.23 (a) Photographs, (b) In‐line transmittance, (c) PL spectra and C...Figure 5.24 (a) Surface SEM image of HSYAG2. (b) Confocal laser scanning mic...Figure 5.25 (a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the YAG:Ce–Al2OFigure 5.26 (a) Photographs and (b) XRD patterns of Al2O3‐Ce:TAG ceramics wi...Figure 5.27 (a) Photographs of GAGG:xCe3+ transparent ceramics. Normalized P...Figure 5.28 (a) Photographs of SPS‐processed ceramics on back‐lit text. (b) ...Figure 5.29 (a) Description of transparent LuAG:Ce ceramics fabricating proc...Figure 5.30 (a) Picture of as prepared transparent ceramics (b) PL spectra o...Figure 5.31 (a) Secondary and backscatter detector SEM micrographs for sampl...Figure 5.32 (a) Illustration of GRP‐coated PCP and white LED under operation...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Functional layers on transparent armor concept design.Figure 6.2 Schematic light transmission phenomena in a polycrystalline ceram...Figure 6.3 Diagram of the crystal structure of MgAl2O4. Reproduced from [92]...Figure 6.4 Phase diagram of magnesium aluminate spinel.Figure 6.5 Appearance of MgAl2O4 transparent ceramics fabricated in Raytheon...Figure 6.6 Large‐sized transparent spinel ceramics prepared in TA&T [100].Figure 6.7 (a) Real in‐line transmittance as a function of the sample thickn...Figure 6.8 In‐line transmittance of the Co:MgAl2O4 ceramics pre‐sintered at ...Figure 6.9 In‐line transmission of the MgAl2O4 spinel ceramic and normalized...Figure 6.10 Photograph (a) and the in‐line transmittance (b) of the MgAl2O4 ...Figure 6.11 Flexural strength of MgAl2O4 transparent ceramics as a function ...Figure 6.12 Microstructure of spinel ceramics
