maximum. Earth & Planetary Science Letters 245: 65–80.32 Maync, W. (1942). Stratigraphie und Fazieverhältnisse der oberpermischen Ablagerungen östgrönlands (olim “Oberkarbon‐Unterperm”) zwischen Wollaston Forland und dem Kejser Franz Josephs Fjord. Meddelelser om Grønland 115: 128.
33 Meyer, R., van Wijk, J., and Gernignon, L. (2007). The North Atlantic Igneous Province: a review of models for its formation. The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 430: 525–552.
34 Mutter, J.C., Talwani, M., and Stoffa, A. (1982). Origin of the seaward dipping reflectors in oceanic crust off the Norwegian margin by subaerial sea‐floor spreading. Geology 10: 353–357.
35 Nielsen, T.F.D. (1975). Possible mechanism of continental break‐up in the North Atlantic. Nature 253: 182–184.
36 Nielsen, T.F.D. and Brooks, C.K. (1981). The E. Greenland continental margin: an explanation of the coastal flexure. Journal of the Geological Society, London 38: 559–568.
37 Nisbet, E.G., Jones, S.M., Maclennan, J. et al. (2009). Kick‐starting ancient warming. Nature Geoscience 2: 156–159.
38 O'Connor, J.M., Stoffers, P., Wijbrans, J.R., Shannon, P.M. & Morrissey, T. 2000. Evidence from episodic seamount volcanism for pulsing of the Iceland plume in the past 70 Myr. Nature, 408. 21/28 Dec. 2000. www.Nature.com.
39 Pearson, D.G., Emeleus, C.H., and Kelley, S.P. (1996). Precise 40Ar/39Ar dating for the initiation of Palaeogene volcanism in the inner Hebrides and its regional significance. Journal of the Geological Society, London 153: 815–818.
40 Poore, H.R., White, N., and Jones, S. (2009). A Neogene chronology of Iceland plume activity from V‐shaped ridges. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 283: 1–13.
41 Poore, H., White, N. & Maclennan, J. 2011. Ocean circulation and mantle melting controlled by radial flow of hot pulses in the Iceland plume. Nature Geoscience, 4 August 2011. 558–561. http://www.nature.com/naturegeoscience.
42 Reid, J.D., Dahl‐Jensen, T., Holbrook, W.S. et al. (1997). 32‐38km thick mafic igneous crust beneath the Greenland‐Iceland Ridge. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 78: 656.
43 Saunders, A.D., Fitton, J.G., Kerr, A.C. et al. (1997). The North Atlantic Igneous Province. In: Large Igneous Provinces: Continental, Oceanic and Planetary Flood Volcanism, American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph, vol. 100 (eds. M.F. Coffin and J.J. Mahoney), 45–93.
44 Shaw Champion, M.E., White, N.J., Jones, S.M., and Lovell, J.P.B. (2008). Quantifying transient mantle convective uplift: an example from the Faroe‐Shetland basin. Tectonics 27: 1–18.
45 Smallwood, J.R. & White, R.S. 2002. Ridge‐plume interaction in the North Atlantic and its influence on continental break‐up and sea‐floor spreading. In: D.W. Jolley & B.R. Bell (eds) The North Atlantic Igneous Stratigraphy, Tectonic, Volcanic and Magmatic Processes. Geological Society of London Special Publications, No. 197, 15–18.
46 Soper, N.J., Higgins, A.C., Downie, C. et al. (1976). Late Cretaceous‐early Tertiary stratigraphy of the Kangerdlugssuaq area, East Greenland and the age of opening of the north‐east Atlantic. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 132: 85–104.
47 Svenson, H.S., Planke, A., Malthe‐Sorenssen, B. et al. (2004). Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global‐warming. Nature 429: 542–545.
48 Thompson, R. (1993). Sea‐floor spreading and plate‐tectonics. In: P. McLeod Duff. (ed.),. In: Holmes’ Principles of Physical Geology, 4e, 641–663. London: Chapman Hall.
49 Upton, B.G.J., Emeleus, C.H., and Hald, N. (1980). Tertiary volcanism between 74° and 76°N, NE Greenland: Hold with Hope and Gauss Halvø. Journal of the Geological Society, London 137: 491–508.
50 Upton, B.G.J., Skovgard, A.C., McClurg, J. et al. (2002). Picritic magmas and the Rum ultramafic complex. Geological Magazine 139: 437–452.
51 Vann, J.R. 1978. The siting of Tertiary vulcanicity. In: Bowes, D.R. & Leake, B.E. (eds). Crustal Evolution in North‐Western Britain and Adjacent Regions. Geological Journal Special Issue, 10, 393–414.
52 Vine, F.J. and Matthews, D.H. (1963). Magnetic anomalies over ocean ridges. Nature 199: 947–949.
53 Vink, G.E. (1984). A hotspot model for Iceland and the Vøring plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research 89: 9949–9959.
54 Vogt, P. (1971). Asthenospheric motion recorded by the ocean floor south of Iceland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 13: 153–160.
55 Wager, L.R. (1934). Geological investigations in East Greenland part 1. General Geology from Angmasalik to Kap Dalton. Meddelelser om Grønland 105 (2): 46.
56 Wager, L.R. (1947). Geological investigations in East Greenland part lV. The stratigraphy and tectonics of Knud Rasmussens land and the Kangerdlugssuaq region. Meddelelser om Grønland 134 (3): 64.
57 Walker, G.P.L. (1979). The environment of tertiary volcanism in Britain. (abstract). Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Great Britain 70: 5–6.
58 White, R.S. 1988. A hot‐spot model for early Tertiary volcanism in the N. Atlantic. In: Early Tertiary Volcanism and the Opening of the NE Atlantic. A.C. Morton & L.M. Parson (eds), Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 39, 157–160.
59 White, R.S. (1997). Rift‐plume interaction in the North Atlantic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series A 355: 319–339.
60 White, N. and Lovell, B. (1997). Measuring the pulse of a plume with the sedimentary record. Nature 387: 888–891.
61 White, R.S. and McKenzie, D.P. (1989). Magmatism at rift zones: the generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts. Journal of Geophysical Research 94: 7685–7729.
62 White, R.S. and McKenzie, D.P. (1995). Mantle plumes and flood basalts. Journal of Geophysical Research 100: 17,543–17,585.
63 White, R.S., Bown, J.W., and Smallwood, J.R. (1995). The temperature of the Iceland plume and origin of outward propagating V‐shaped ridges. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152: 1039–1045.
64 Wolfe, C.J., Bjarnason, I.T., van Decar, J.C., and Soloman, S.C. (1997). Seismic structure of the Icelandic mantle plume. Nature 385: 245–247.
65 Wright, J.D. and Miller, K.G. (1996). Control of North Atlantic deep water circulation by the Greenland–Scotland ridge. Palaeoceanography 11 (21): 157–170.
2 Cenozoic Vegetation and Phytogeography of the Sub‐arctic North Atlantic
Friðgeir Grímsson1, Thomas Denk2 and Reinhard Zetter3
1 Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
2 Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
3 Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
This
