Early tertiary floral evolution in the Canadian high Arctic. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86: 523–545.72 McKenna, M.C. (1983). Cenozoic paleogeography of North Atlantic land bridges. In: Structure and Development of the Greenland‐Scotland Ridge (eds. M.H.P. Bott, S. Saxov, M. Talwani and J. Thiede), 351–399. New York: Plenum Press.
73 Menitsky, J.L. (1984). Duby Asii. Leningrad: Nauka.
74 Menitsky, J.L. (2005). Oaks of Asia. New Hampshire: Science Publishers.
75 Moorbath, S. and Bell, J.D. (1965). Strontium isotope abundance studies and Rubidium‐Strontium age determinations on Tertiary igneous rocks from the Isle of Skye North‐West Scotland. Journal of Petrology 6: 37–66.
76 Nathorst, A.G. (1885). Sjunde kapitlet. In: Den andra Dicksonska Expeditionen til Grönland (ed. A.E. Nordenskiöld), 302–348. Stockholm: F. & G. Beijers Förlag.
77 Ólafsson, E. (1772). Vice‐Lavmand Eggert Olafsens og Land‐Physici Biarne Povelsen Reise igiennem Island, foranstaltet af Videnskabernes Sælskap i København 1–2 Sorø. Videnskabernes Sælskap.
78 Passey, S.R. and Jolley, D.W. (2009). A revised lithostratigraphic nomenclature for the Palaeogene Faroe Islands Basalt Group, NE Atlantic Ocean. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 99: 127–158.
79 Pedersen, K.R. (1976). Fossil floras of Greenland. In: Geology of Greenland (eds. A. Escher and W.S. Watt), 519–535. Andelsbogtrykkeriet, Odense: The Geological Survey of Greenland.
80 Pedersen, G.K., Larsen, L.M., Pedersen, A.K., and Hjortkjær, B.F. (1998). The syn‐volcanic Naajaat lake, Palaeocene of West Greenland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 140: 271–287.
81 Poore, H.R., Samworth, R., White, N.J. et al. (2006). Neogene overflow of northern component water at the Greenland‐Scotland ridge. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 7: Q06010. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001085.
82 Poulter, J., Francis, J., Wilson, M., Candela, Y. & Anderson, L. 2008. Deciphering floral diversity and palaeoclimate signals from the mid Palaeocene floras of the Isle of Skye, Scotland. 52nd Annual Meeting of the Palaeontological Association, Glasgow. Abstracts, pp. 74–75.
83 Poulter, J., Francis, J., Wilson, M. & Candela, Y. 2010. Mid Palaeocene floras and climate of the Isles of Skye and Mull, Scotland. 8th European Palaeobotany–Palynology Conference, 2010, Budapest, Hungary. Program and Abstracts, p. 197.
84 Praglowski, J. (1984). Fagaceae Dumort. Castaneoideae Oerst. World Pollen Spore Flora 13: 1–21.
85 Rasmussen, R. (1925). Um skógir í Føroyum í forðum. Varðin 5: 153–163.
86 Rasmussen, J. and Koch, B.E. (1963). Fossil Metasequoia from Mikines, Faroe Islands. Fróðskaparrit 12: 83–96.
87 Rasmussen, J. and Noe‐Nygaard, A. (1969). Beskrivelse til geologisk kort over Færøerne i målestok 1:50.000. Geological Survey of Denmark I/24: 1–370.
88 Ravn, J.P.J. (1922). On the Mollusca of the Tertiary of Spitsbergen. Resultater av de Norske statsunderstøttede Spitsbergenekspedisjoner 1 (2): 1–28.
89 Riisager, P., Riisager, J., Abrahamsen, N., and Waagstein, R. (2002). New paleomagnetic pole and magnetostratigraphy of Faroe Islands flood volcanics, North Atlantic igneous province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 201: 261–276.
90 Sadowski, E.‐M., Hammel, J.U., and Denk, T. (2018). Synchrotron X‐ray imaging of a dichasium cupule of Castanopsis from Eocene Baltic amber. American Journal of Botany 105 (12): 1–12.
91 Sadowski, M., Schmidt, A.R., and Denk, T. (2020). Staminate inflorescences with in‐situ pollen from Eocene Baltic amber reveal high diversity in Fagaceae (oak family). Willdenowia 50 (3): 405–517.
92 Schmidt, A.G., Riisager, P., Abrahamsen, N. et al. (2005). Palaeomagnetism of Eocene Talerua member lavas on Hareøen, West Greenland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 52: 27–38.
93 Seward, A.C. and Conway, V.M. (1935). Fossil plants from Kingigtok and Kagdlunguak, West Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland 93 (5): 1–41.
94 Seward, A.C. and Edwards, W.N. (1941). Fossil plants from East Greenland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 11 (8): 169–176.
95 Sigmundsson, F., Símonarson, L.A., Sigmundsson, O., and Ingólfsson, Ó. (eds.) (2008). The dynamic geology of Iceland. Jökull 58: 1–422.
96 Storey, M., Duncan, R.A., Pedersen, A.K. et al. (1998). 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of West Greenland Tertiary volcanic province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160: 569–586.
97 Storey, M., Duncan, R.A., and Tegner, C. (2007). Timing and duration of volcanism in the North Atlantic Igneous Province: Implications for geodynamics and links to the Iceland hotspot. Chemical Geology 241: 264–281.
98 Tiffney, B.H. (1985). The Eocene North Atlantic land bridge: Its importance in Tertiary and modern phytogeography of the Northern Hemisphere. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 66: 243–273.
99 Tiffney, B.H. (2000). Geographic and climatic influences on the Cretaceous and Tertiary history of Euramerican floristic similarity. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Geologica 44: 5–16.
100 Tiffney, B.H. (2008). Phylogeography, fossils, and Northern Hemisphere biogeography: The role of physiological uniformitarianism. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 95: 135–143.
101 Tiffney, B.H. and Manchester, S.R. (2001). The use of geological and paleontological evidence in evaluating plant phylogeographic hypotheses in the northern hemisphere Tertiary. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162: S3–S17.
102 Waagstein, R., Guise, P., and Rex, D. (2002). K/Ar and 39Ar/40Ar whole‐rock dating of zeolite facies metamorphosed flood basalts: The upper Palaeocene basalts of the Faroe Islands, NE Atlantic. Geological Society London Special Publications 197: 219–252.
3 Interglacial Biotas from the North Atlantic Islands
Ole Bennike1 and Jens Böcher2
1 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
2 Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark
Introduction
The North Atlantic Islands comprise from south to north, the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland (Figure 1, see Plate section). They span almost 30° of latitude from temperate to high arctic climates, from North‐West Europe to North America. The Faroe Islands are a group of small islands with an area of 1400 km2, whereas Greenland is the largest island on Earth, covering an area of 2 166 086 km2, of which 410 449 km2 are ice free. Iceland with an area of 103 100 km2 is intermediate in size.
Large parts of the North Atlantic islands are mountainous, with the highest peak at 3693 m found in East Greenland. In addition to the Inland Ice, numerous local ice caps and other types of glaciers are found in Greenland and Iceland, whereas the Faroe Islands are unglaciated. Fjords and straits are common.
The
