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was a practising physician, his interest in mineralogy led him to become a mining engineer and pioneering mineralogist.Bede, Venerable (c. 673–735).Bede was born near Weremouth, Durham. At the age of about seven, he was given over to the care of the monastery of Wearmouth and then in 682 he moved to the monastery at Jarrow, becoming an ordained priest in 703. In his new position he became a renowned Anglo‐Saxon scholar, theologian and historian. In 1899, he was ordained.Beringer, Johann Bartholomew Adam (1667–1738).Born in Würzburg, he attended the university there, studying medicine. At the age of 27 he was appointed professor at the university and a year later became the keeper of the university botanical gardens.Beswick, Thomas (1753–1828)Beswick was born in Northumberland, the son of tenant farmers. He was the eldest of eight children. Although not academically gifted, he was quickly recognised as a skilled artist. When he left school at 14, he was apprenticed to a local engraver. He developed from an engraver of baronial cutlery to book illustrations. He became a partner in the engraving works in 1776, developing the reputation of the company as the finest of engravers. As well as his feelings against war, his moral code towards animals was exemplary, campaigning against docking of horses’ tails and cruelty to circus animals. Many of these issues appear in allegorical form in his engravings. He married in 1786 and had four children.Black, Davidson (1884–1934).Born in Toronto, he graduated in medicine in 1906 from the University of Toronto. He continued there as an instructor in anatomy. Between 1917 and 1919, he was in the Canadian Army as a medic, after which he went to work in Peking (Wade‐Giles), becoming head of anatomy in 1924. In 1913, he married Adena Nevitt and they had two children, both being born in Beijing.Boniface VIII (c. 1235–1303).His non‐ecclesiastical name was Benedetto Caetani. He became Cardinal in 1291, being elected Pope in 1294. It was his intention to reassert Papal authority over temporal powers, such as Edward I and Philip IV of France, who disregarded the papal bulls. Boniface VIII was briefly kidnapped in 1303 by the French at Anagni. Shortly after being released he died in Rome.Bourguet, Louis (1678–1742).Born in Nimes, Bouruet was a polymath, writing on many different subjects. He was Professor of Philosophy and Mathematics at Neuchatel.Boyle, Robert (1627–1691).The youngest of 14 children of the Earl of Cork, Robert was born in Ireland. Good at languages and algebra, he was tutored at home and then went to school at Eton. He travelled through Europe for six years and came back to his family estate in Dorset. In 1654, he moved to Oxford where Robert Hooke was his assistant. He was a director of the East India Company, an alchemist and a founder of the Royal Society.Brongniart, Adolphe (1801–1876).The son of geologist Alexandre Brongniart, Adolphe was a French botanist, born in Sèvres, France. He travelled widely in Europe while in his teens, with his father. In 1833, he became professor of botany at the National Museum of Natural History, Paris, a position that he held for the rest of his life.Bronn, Heinrich Georg (1800–1862).Bronn was born in what is now Heidelberg, where he attended the university. In 1837, he was appointed Professor of Zoology and became the head of the first Institute of Zoology at Heidelberg. He proposed a tree of life as a method demonstrating graphically the relationships between species and groups. He married Luise Penzel and they had five children.Broom, Robert (1866–1951).Born in Paisley, Scotland, Broom studied medicine at Glasgow University. After graduating in 1889, he travelled to Australia and then on to South Africa in 1897 where he settled. From 1903 to 1910, he was professor of Zoology and Geology at Victoria College, losing the position for advocating evolution. In 1934, he gave up medicine and was appointed palaeontologist at Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. He married Mary Baillie in 1893.Buckland, William (1784–1856).Buckland was born in Axminster and educated in Tiverton before going to Winchester College after which he won a scholarship to Corpus Christi Oxford. He was ordained as a priest in 1809 and in 1813 he was appointed reader in mineralogy as well. He married in 1825 a girl from Abingdon, Mary Morland, who was an accomplished illustrator in her own right. They had nine children, five of which survived to adulthood.Buffon, Georges‐Louis Leclerc Comte de (1707–1788).Born in Montbard, Burgundy, Buffon was left a considerable sum at the age of 7 by his uncle. Buffon attended the Jesuit college of Godrans in Dijon from the age of 10 and then, from 1723 he studied law at Dijon. In 1728, Buffon left Dijon to study mathematics and medicine at the University of Angers. With a large fortune he set himself up in Paris to study scientific subjects, initially mathematics but later the biological world. He was married and succeeded by a single child, a son. During the French Revolution, his tomb was ransacked for lead to make bullets.Burman, John.Little is known of Burman other than he joined Robert Plot as part of his family when Plot married Rebecca Burman soon after resigning his position at Oxford in 1690. Thus John became his stepson. In the second edition of Plot's Natural History of Oxfordshire, Burman made several additions.Burnet, Thomas (c. 1635–1715).Born in Croft, Yorkshire, Burnet was a clergy man who worked in the court of William III. He had to leave the position when his written work treated the account of The Fall as an allegory, not a literal story.Butler, Samuel (1835–1902).Born in Nottinghamshire and educated at Shrewsbury and St John's College Cambridge, he gave up the idea of joining the clergy and became a sheep farmer in New Zealand, leaving England in 1859 and returning in 1864. He painted and composed music as well as writing extensively. His financial independence was assured by a legacy.Chambers, Robert (1802–1871).Born in Peebles, Scotland, he joined with his brother, William, as a bookseller in Edinburgh. He developed his writing in his spare time, becoming a prolific producer of written work. In 1832, they formed the publishing house of W and R Chambers.Charriere, Henri (1906–1973).Born in the Ardeche, in 1931 he was convicted of murder and was transported to the French penal settlements of South America. After several failed attempts to escape in 1941, he finally made a successful escape to British Guiana (now Republic of Guyana). He eventually settled in Venezuela where he produced his now famous life story Papillon, although its veracity has been disputed. He died in Spain of oesophageal cancer.Collini, Alessandro Cosimo (1727–1806).Born at Manneheim into a wealthy famile, Collini was for many years secretary to Voltaire. He became the director of the Cabinet of Natural History in Manneheim and was the person who described the pterosaur which Cuvier later recognised as a flying reptile. He defended the Manneheim collection against destruction during the French revolution and some years later had it all transferred to Munich.Colonna, Fabio (1567–1640).A naturalist and botanist, he was proficient in both Greek and Latin before attending the University of Naples where he graduated in law in 1589. Unable to practice law due to epilepsy, he turned his attention to natural history and botany. During the period 1606–1616, he studied fossils. He corresponded with Galileo and he invented a stringed instrument, the pentecontachordon, which had 50 strings.Conybeare, William (1787–1857).Born in London and educated at Westminster School and in 1805 went to Christ Church, Oxford, studying classics and mathematics. Upon graduating he became a curate at various sites, culminating in the position of dean of Llandaff. His interest in geology continued throughout his life and was the subject of his election to FRS. He married once and had several children.Cope, Edward Drinker (1840–1897).Although well educated, Cope did not excel at school. His father installed him as a farmer, but he preferred a scientific career and attended University of Pennsylvania where he studied biological subjects. During the civil war of North America, Cope travelled in Europe, returning to Philadelphia in 1864, where he married Annie Pim in 1865. They had one daughter, Julia. Being involved with antagonistic competition with Othniel Marsh, Cope gradually lost much of his money, although he was never bankrupt.Courtney‐Latimer, Marjorie (1907–2004).Born in East London, in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, Courtney‐Latimer started training as a nurse, but gave up to take a job at East London Museum, South Africa, where she stayed for her entire career.Crichton, Michael (1942–2008).Born in Chicago and brought up in New York, he attended Harvard and graduated in biological anthropology. During this time he was already writing fiction. He attended Harvard Medical School and graduated in 1969, although he never practised medicine as his expressed intention had always been to become a writer and by this time had been published many times, not always under his own name. He was married many times – Joan Radam (1965–1970), Kathy St Johns (1978–1980), Suzanne Childs (1981–1983), Anne‐Marie Martin (1987–2003) and Sherri Alexander who he married in 2005.Cuvier, Georges (1769–1832).Cuvier was born in Montbeliard, the
