remotely for surgical operations. Biosensors are also adopted in handheld gadgets. The proposed framework uses machine learning techniques to analyze the data obtained by the sensors. This method gathers the medical records of patients for review. It is challenging to provide a bed for treatment in the current COVID-19 pandemic situation, especially in developing and highly populated countries. Thus, the proposed Healthcare 4.0 system is designed to move therapies with a high-precision disease detection rate and testing from hospitals to patients’ homes.
Chapter 7 explains why even though smart technology offers several healthcare benefits, the same systems have a more significant effect on both confidentiality and security. Hacks on other frameworks, personal security risks, privacy threats, data eavesdropping, etc., are potential threats. Therefore, together with a cloud server, the framework proposed in this chapter uses the wireless body area network (WBAN) to hold patients’ records and make them available to only the individuals concerned by creating a role-based assignment and least privilege access system. It gathers the medical history of patients for potential reference.
In Chapter 8, the proposed system is a fully automated diet monitoring solution consisting of food quality assessment sensors operated by Wi-Fi and a smart-phone application that collects nutrition information about food ingredients. The food weighing sensor calculates the food’s weight, which is transmitted to the cloud over the internet via a microcontroller integrated with wireless module synchronization that is included in the monitoring system. To achieve the required nutrient values, two separate approaches are used. The first process is an optical character recognition (OCR) process which tests the nutrient value using the FDA-mandated nutrition facts label. In the other process, the barcode of the food is scanned, and nutritional data is collected from the internet using free application programming interfaces (APIs). Food is thus categorized based on the highest nutritional value, the relationship between the food consumed, and the lack of nutrients.
Chapter 9 discusses the gradually increasing usage of smart devices in various domains, with a particular focus on fusing the IoT into the medical sector to enhance clinical consideration based on the patient. Maintaining the protection of the information generated and obtained by IoT devices is the most severe problem in administering medical services, so the main objective of this chapter is to establish a system for safeguarding the IoT data developed in medical services. Security mechanisms used in the IoT setting must also communicate from end to end and must be adopted by low-cost IoT devices.
Chapter 10 explores why the energy consumption of WSNs and IoT devices is considered to be the aggregation and transmission of data. In processing and transmitting redundant and unnecessary data, these devices waste their power. Therefore, this chapter presents a means of eliminating redundant data and reducing the number of data transmissions, thus reducing the energy consumption of the IoT devices. Also included is an end-user remote monitoring system that monitors and verifies performance during real-time communication of these smart objects.
Chapter 11 explores the stability, data storage, and performance of various IoT devices that reflect the disadvantages of integrating these kinds of tools in the business sector. Data on the cloud server is more often than not compromised, and data storage is inefficient due to the growing number of users and devices on the internet. However, as new ways of using the IoT are taking shape, these disadvantages must be rectified. The world awaits many developments in the coming decades that will gracefully upgrade current systems; for instance, the advent of edge computing will transubstantiate cloud computing by eliminating technicalities while retaining the appropriate use of bandwidth for data privacy. Besides which, the IoT is bound to change industries, healthcare, traffic control, cyber-security, etc. With its success and steady progress, the future of the IoT is auspicious, with the intent of paving a new path for technological growth. This chapter’s focus is on current IoT developments, their drawbacks, and the potential for future advances.
Chapter 12 discusses the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to make machines learn from the environment and make them capable of completing tasks, which helps to optimize their goals. AI, which has subfields such as machine learning, deep learning, and others, is interdisciplinary. Machine learning, which allows computers to automatically learn from their experience, may be achieved with computer programs that access and use them to understand. Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning, which processes or filters knowledge in the same way as the human brain. Here, to predict and classify the content, it uses a computer model that takes the input and filters it through various layers. These areas, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning, have made several developments in technology that have given the world a whole new dimension in each area.
Chapter 13 summarizes the important roles of certain AI-driven techniques (machine learning, deep learning, etc.) and AI-enabled imaging techniques for the study, prediction, and diagnosis of COVID-19 disease. Through social networking knowledge, the combined effort of powerful AI and image processing techniques can predict the initial trend of COVID-19 disease, identifying the most affected areas in each country, and predicting drug-protein interactions for the development of new drug vaccines. AI-empowered X-ray and computed tomography image acquisition and segmentation methods, however, help classify and diagnose patients minimally affected by COVID-19. This chapter also addresses an important set of open problems and future research concerns about AI-empowered COVID-19 handling procedures.
Chapter 14 mainly deals with the design of a machine learning model for the study of the transmission dynamics of COVID-19, a disease which is affecting the entire world. Ventilated patients with extreme acute respiratory distress being treated while quarantined in the ICU often face difficulties with their most basic human interactions, including communication, due to the respiratory disease, language issues or intubation. There are significant physical and psychological consequences to the inability of ICU patients to communicate. Researchers have created various types of software programs, such as Speech-Language Pathologist, in order to provide both health practitioners and caregivers with augmentative and complementary communication assistance.
SK Hafizul Islam Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Information Technology Kalyani West Bengal, India Email: [email protected]
Debabrata Samanta Department of Computer Science CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bengaluru, Karnataka Email: [email protected] May 2021
Acknowledgments
It is with great pleasure that we express our sincere gratitude and appreciation for all those who significantly helped in the completion of this book with their contributions and support. We are sincerely thankful to Dr. G. P. Biswas, Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India, for his encouragement, support, guidance, advice, and suggestions towards the completion of this book. Our sincere thanks to Dr. Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, and Dr. Arup Kumar Pal, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad,
