captivate the attention of new recruits is quite another. The sub-Antarctic islands are simply gorgeous and apparently teeming with life. Yet, most are no longer what they once were. On islands free of introduced species – such as rodents, cats, carnivorous beetles, herbivorous slugs and system-altering weeds – the abundance of invertebrates is extraordinary. Beetles, moths and other insects are simply everywhere, even in the apparently hostile habitats such as fellfields. The coastal zones no longer stand out as special because of their abundance of insects (notably some very strange flies). Yet on islands such as the Îles Kerguelen and the Île de la Possession, where introduced species have had much time to do their work, abundances, except of the introduced species and some coastal inhabitants, are very low. Low to the point of thinking that some species have gone forever. Yet, often they have not. It simply takes a great deal of work to find them. And a very special talent of combining relentless enthusiasm for hard field work and exceptional charm to keep people coming back in search of knowledge, to look at more specimens and answer more questions. Questions that can be remarkably uncomfortable to ensure that the knowledge is secure.
Such tenacity, a characteristic of the authors, results in a handsome reward, and this monograph of the larger terrestrial invertebrate life of these islands is just such a reward. How extraordinary to have this work. The question “I wonder what this is?” is answered readily. And with that question addressed, immediately others can be posed. What does it do? What is its history of abundance? What is its future? How do we mitigate further change?
The sub-Antarctic islands are a global treasure. Most are recognized as such through their listing as World Heritage Sites. Here, we have a further record of the treasures of two of the most important island groups in the sub-Antarctic. As far as we can tell, and new genetic techniques are on the cusp of revealing, much of the terrestrial invertebrate diversity of the Indian Ocean sub-Antarctic islands originated here. In this respect, a history of accomplished French researchers, starting with René Jeannel, has been vital. These islands lie at the center of the evolutionary drama that is the sub-Antarctic. A drama that has captivated the minds of some of biology’s greatest thinkers. Knowing the islands’ diversity and being able to recognize it places that drama and its actors within everyone’s grasp. Being able to tell the carabid beetles Amblystogenium minimum from Amblystogenium pacificum is now as easy as telling a Macaroni from a Rockhopper penguin.
The drama is not played out. The sub-Antarctic treasures face much difficulty because of introduced species, the local impacts of global climate change and what is now being increasingly documented as a positive effect of climate change on invasive species. If the play is not to end a tragedy, new actors are required; new actors with new parts. Parts that require thoughtful conservation action based on compelling evidence. In delivering this monograph, Maurice Hullé and Philippe Vernon have changed the nature of the auditions. They have broadened the talent pool to everyone who has a love of life as we know it. And they have extended the audience too. Even those who have never come close to the theatres that are these islands can take part by having the islands’ diversity revealed.
This monograph is an exceptional tribute to the way in which good science, strong support for it and personal tenacity, enthusiasm and humor can be combined to deliver a lasting legacy. I recommend that as a reader you now plunge yourself into the world of sub-Antarctic terrestrial life, a world that, once seen, will never leave you. Cogs and wheels have never looked this good.
Steven L. CHOWN
Professor, Monash University
President, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Melbourne, Australia
September 2020
Foreword 2
When confronted with a book about invertebrates of sub-Antarctic islands, we might expect a boring list written in a 19th-Century fashion by museum experts about their identification… But the multidisciplinary state of the art of two modern field naturalists makes this book fascinating. Maurice Hullé and Philippe Vernon have indeed been remarkably successful in providing a story on biodiversity, with nice iconography, which started in 1830 and is still evolving today.
It is also nice that this book provides a historical view, a well-deserved tribute to those pioneers who first described the remarkable endemic larger invertebrates of the sub-Antarctic Îles Kerguelen and the Île de la Possession (Eaton, Waterhouse, Jeannel, Dreux, Voisin, etc.) and on their expeditions (Challenger, Volage, Gauss, etc.). It was indeed the time of the first discovery and description of species. And also the time when similarities of these invertebrates were found with the remote wildlife of Africa and America. It raised puzzling questions on the way the invertebrates were once established on the islands.
But in the 1970s and 1980s, there was a huge academic pressure on biologists worldwide to abandon such projects, obviously involving the collection of long-time series, for a more mechanistic approach in cellular and molecular biology. As a result, systematicians and field biologists disappeared from universities and research organizations. Physiology, once predominant when molecular biology emerged, became a science of the past. However, as a pocket of resistance, long-term programs on biodiversity received logistics and funding by the successive French organizations in charge of sub-Antarctic research (Mission de Recherche des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises (TAAF)1, Institut Français de la Recherche et de la Technologie (IFRTP)2 and Institut Polaire Paul-Émile Victor3 (IPEV)). Thanks to the principal researchers, Paul Tréhen and Yves Frenot, and thanks to the support of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), particularly in the recruitment of new scientists, long-term series were obtained.
Technicians and engineers also played a major role in the treatment of field data and samples. It is not surprising that some of them contributed largely to the preparation of this book. In particular, the engineer Romain Georges and the technicians Christelle Buchard and Bernard Chaubet should be acknowledged. Thanks to them and to all the volunteers who, over the years, have been overwintering in Kerguelen and the Île de la Possession. Our knowledge on the biology of the larger invertebrates of Kerguelen and the Île de la Possession has considerably increased over the last decades, as shown in this book.
The focus was particularly on their geographical distribution, their ecology and population dynamics. We note that it is also then that it was perceived that the endemic fauna of the islands was not in a preserved sanctuary but had to cope with an increasing number of introduced species. Meteorological recordings made it possible to characterize the first changes in ambient temperature and rainfall, indicating climate changes. They also showed that even a small increase in ambient temperature and drop in rainfall could facilitate the influx of invasive species.
With such knowledge being securely documented by field work and long-term series, this book illustrates how powerful it is to now enter a mechanistic and functional approach. Ecophysiology is the key to determining the environmental conditions which enable or limit the ability of invertebrate newcomers to survive and establish themselves on the islands and for the endemic species to deal with such invaders. Complementing the understanding of physiological mechanisms of adaptation, genomics open new perspectives to decipher and understand the origin and biogeography of sub-Antarctic invertebrate fauna.
Thus, altogether, this book is not only about the listing of the larger invertebrates of Kerguelen and the Île de la Possession. It is a truly remarkable story on a field and laboratory research which is still ongoing, providing detailed information on the origin, evolution and ecosystem functioning of the invertebrate fauna of sub-Antarctic islands.
Yvon LE MAHO
Emeretus Director
