https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1337873. (accessed 1 February 2021).72 72 Wilson, E., Stephens, J., and Peterson, T. (2015). Smart Grid (R)Evolution: Electric Power Struggles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
73 73 Jiang, T., Yu, L., and Cao, Y. (2015). Energy Management of Internet Data Centers in Smart Grid. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
74 74 Farmanbar, M., Parham, K., Arild, Ø., and Rong, C. (2019). A widespread review of smart grids towards smart cities. Energies 12 (23): 1–18.
75 75 SAIC Smart Grid Team (2006). San Diego Smart Grid Study Final Report. https://www.sandiego.edu/law/documents/centers/epic/061017_SDSGStudyES_FINAL.pdf (accessed 1 February 2021).
76 76 Back, A‐ K., Evens, C., Hukki, K. et al. (2011). Consumer acceptability and adoption of Smart Grid, SGEM Research Report Helsinki. http://sgemfinalreport.fi/files/SGEM%20Research%20Report%20D1.2%202011‐04‐04.pdf (accessed 1 February 2021).
77 77 Liu, J., Xiao, Y. and Gao, J. (2011). Accountability in smart grids. Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA (9–12 January 2011). IEEE.
78 78 Geraci, A. (1990). IEEE Standard Computer Dictionary: A Compilation of IEEE Standard Computer Glossaries. New York, NY: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
79 79 Authorship Team (2011). A Smart Grid Policy Center White Paper. https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/documents/Paths_Smart_Grid_Interoperability.pdf (accessed 1 Februry 2021).
80 80 The GridWise Architecture Council (2008). GridWise Interoperability Context‐Setting Framework. https://www.gridwiseac.org/pdfs/interopframework_v1_1.pdf (accessed 1 February 2021).
81 81 FitzPatrick, G.J. and Wollman, D.A. (2010). NIST interoperability framework and action plans. IEEE PES General Meeting, Providence, RI, USA (25–29 July 2010). IEEE.
82 82 Greer, C., Wollman, D.A., Prochaska, D.E. et al. NIST framework and roadmap for smart grid interoperability standards, release 3.0. No. Special Publication (NIST SP)‐1108r3.
83 83 Strabbing, W. (2017). Smart meter interoperability and interchangeability in Europe. https://esmig.eu/news/smart‐meter‐interoperability‐and.
84 84 Alves, G., Marques, D., Silva, I. et al. (2019). A methodology for dependability evaluation of smart grids. Energies 12 (9): 1817.
85 85 Lestas, I., Kasis, A., Monshizadeh, N., and Devane, E. (2017). Stability and optimality of distributed secondary frequency control schemes in power networks. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10 (2): 1747–1761. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2017.2777146.
86 86 Altera Corporation (2013). Overcoming Smart Grid Equipment Design Challenges with FPGAs. https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/programmable/us/en/pdfs/literature/wp/wp‐01191‐smart‐grid‐design.pdf (accessed 1 February 2021).
87 87 Jokar, P., Arianpoo, N., and Leung, V.C.M. (2016). A survey on security issues in smart grids. Security and Communication Networks 9 (3): 262–273.
88 88 Mustafa, M.A. (2015). Smart grid security: protecting users'privacy in smart grid applications. Doctoral Thesis. University of Manchester. https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk‐ac‐man‐scw:276339&datastreamId=FULL‐TEXT.PDF (accessed 1 February 2021).
89 89 Hossain, M.R., Oo, A.M.T. and Shawkat Ali, A.B.M. (2010). Evolution of smart grid and some pertinent issues. 20th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand (5–8 December 2010). IEEE.
90 90 Electric Power Research Institute. (2011). Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid: A Preliminary Estimate of the Investment Requirements and the Resultant Benefits of a Fully Functioning Smart Grid. https://smartgrid.gov/files/documents/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf (accessed 28 January 2013).
91 91 Abu‐Rub, H., Refaat, S.S., Bayhan, S. et al. (2019). Optimizing KAHRAMAA’s Smart Grid Capabilities and Setting its Future Roadmap. TASK FORCE ON Qatar’s Smart Grid Road Map, (not published).
2 Renewable Energy: Overview, Opportunities and Challenges
The path toward achieving sustainable development goals necessarily pass by the integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) as the key factor for socio‐economic growth and improved public health. Contrary to traditional sources, i.e. fossil fuel and coal, the energy inexhaustibility and fast replenishment of RES gathered the attention of research community and stakeholders to promote the use of RSE to meet the ever‐growing demand for electricity. With the growing interest in RES, the incorporation of RES in the bulk power system has led to an inherent dynamic characteristic evolution in energy systems. This chapter provides a systematic review of the actual state of RES implementation, the challenging problems and the direction of future research. Furthermore, the operational integration of RES in the smart grid (SG) environment is also extensively discussed and included in this chapter.
2.1 Introduction
The increasing damage and rapid depletion of traditional energy sources compel the worldwide population to achieve the necessary transition toward RES. It is vital that RES are included in the energy mix, especially, with an average growing rate of 1.8% energy consumption per year [1]. Existing electric power systems rely on fuel and coal to generate energy. The escalating permeation of RES aims to satisfy the expected global energy demand increase and the global energy demand to a large extant in order to meet the world's energy demand growth [2].
As a result of some environmental issues, a number of related organizations have engaged in research to increase efficiency and green power plants using developed technology. Concerns regarding environmental protection are rising, RES is therefore sought and examined. Fossil fuel and renewable energy costs, social and environmental prices are going in different directions and the economic and policy plans required to aid the extensive spreading of sustainable markets for renewable energy systems are developing quickly. Future growth in the energy sector will mainly be in the new regime of renewables. Hence, the transition to renewable energy can support us in meeting the challenges of decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, hindering future extreme weather and climate effects, and maintaining a reliable, timely, and cost‐efficient delivery of energy. The integration of renewable energy may result in substantial dividends for the future of energy security.
Renewables, with nuclear and hydroelectric power, deliver 50% of the extra energy needed out to 2035. Furthermore, renewable energy is the fastest growing source of energy as a result of decreasing capital costs coupled with rising penetration
