and CDKN2A.Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).K‐ras and p53.Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).6 6. A 58‐year‐old woman presents to the clinic following an excisional biopsy of an asymmetrical pigmented lesion on her right lower leg with widest diameter measuring 9 mm. The Breslow thickness has been reported at 4 mm. She is known to have poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, which is complicated by nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. She had several small foot and leg ulcers before which took a long time to heal. There is no documented macrovascular complication so far.The best management plan is:Require no wider local excision; however require a sentinel node biopsy.Require a wider local excision with a surgical margin of 2 cm and a sentinel node biopsy.Require a wider local excision with a surgical margin of 1 cm and a sentinel node biopsy.Require a wider local excision with a surgical margin of 4 cm without a sentinel node biopsy.
7 7. A 58‐year‐old butcher presents with a 4‐month history of fatigue. He has noticed a few small blisters developing initially on both hands and since then the rash is getting worse especially when exposed to sun. He is concerned about the scarring marks left on his hands. He drinks two to three standard drinks of alcohol per day. He has no history of previous skin disease or other medical problems. He does not take any medication. His hands are shown below. The full skin examination reveals similar small lesions and scars on his face. The biochemistry results are shown below:TestsResultsNormal valuesHb170 g/L135–175Creatinine139 μmol/L80–120ALT98 U/L0–55AST155 U/L0–45GGT89 U/L0–60ALP169 U/L30–110LDH213 U/L120–250Ferritin547 μg/L30–300Transferrin saturation26 %10–55What is the most likely diagnosis?Bullous pemphigoid.Cutaneous lichen planus.Dermatitis herpetiforms.Porphyria cutanea tarda.
8 8. A 42‐year‐old woman presents with a 9‐month history of repeated facial flushing, often precipitated by sun exposure. She reports that the flushing occurs on the nose, both cheeks, and the central forehead. On examination, she has multiple telangiectasia on both malar surfaces, but no evidence of inflamed papules or pustules. There are no features suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus.Which of the following treatments is most likely to be helpful in reducing her symptoms?Oral doxycycline.Oral isotretinoin.Topical brimonidine.Topical metronidazole.
9 9. An 82‐year‐old man with vascular dementia is constantly scratching his hands and elbows. There are diffuse scaly rashes on hands, elbows, and scrotum with several vesicles and scratch marks. A clinical diagnosis of scabies is made.Which of the following statements is true in regard to this patient?A skin biopsy should be performed prior to the treatment.He is at risk of having highly contagious crusted scabies.His pruritus is caused by direct irritation from mites and eggs.The mite can survive on bedding, clothes for more than one week.
10 10. A 40‐year‐old woman who received a heart transplant two years ago is seeking your advice regarding sunscreen usage to prevent skin cancers.Which of the following do you advise her?High‐number SPF (Sun Protection Factor) sunscreen allows longer time intervals between application.SPF 30 sunscreen blocks 60% of the sun's UVB rays.SPF 30 sunscreen decrease the skin’s production of vitamin D.UVA rays mainly cause sunburn and UVB rays cause skin cancers.
11 11. A 66‐year‐old man has a skin lesion on his right shoulder which is suspicious for a BCC. He has a history of ischaemic heart disease with a coronary artery stent and hypertension. His dermatologist excises the lesion without stopping clopidogrel and causes profuse bleeding.Which layer of the skin has the dermatologist most likely transversed to cause this bleeding?Papillary dermis.Reticular dermis.Stratum basale.Stratum granulosum.
12 12. A 60‐year‐old man presents with a 2‐week history of flu‐like symptoms including malaise, sore throat, and fever. His GP had commenced him on amoxicillin, but he did not respond to this treatment. On examination, he has an erythematous, desquamating rash over his torso with injected conjunctivae.Which of the following has the most benefit on mortality in this condition?Etanercept.High dose systemic steroids.Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG).Supportive care.
QUESTIONS (13–17) REFER TO THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
Match each of the clinical scenarios with the best fitting dermatological emergency:
1 Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms.
2 Meningococcaemia.
3 Necrotising fasciitis.
4 Disseminated candidiasis.
5 Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.
6 Stevens‐Johnson syndrome.
7 Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis.
8 Toxic epidermal necrolysis.
1 13. A 21‐year‐old woman presents with a 6‐hour history of fever and rash over her body. She was started on oral trimethoprim for UTI 7 days ago. She takes no other medication and has no known allergies. On examination, she is febrile and other vital signs are in normal range. There are erythematous, urticarial, targetoid rashes studded with small, tense blisters on the shoulders, back, palms but less than 10% of body surface area involved. There are also small vesicles and crusts on the upper and lower lips, but there are no lesions are present on the soles or genitalia. Nikolsky’s sign is positive. Her FBE, LFTs, and renal function are normal.
2 14. A 25‐year‐old woman with a history of epilepsy, depression, and diabetes presents with fever (39oC ), a morbilliform eruption and facial swelling. Her GP had commenced her on paracetamol, carbamazepine and metformin 6 weeks ago. On examination, the rash has varying morphology with targetoid lesions, pustules and blisters, however she is Nikolsky sign negative. She has WCC of 16 × 109/L, eosinophil of 4 × 109/L, deranged LFTs and a serum creatinine of 300 μmol/L [45‐85]. The skin biopsy shows lichenoid infiltrate with focal necrotic keratinocytes.
3 15. A 58‐year‐old man presents with fever, malaise, and conjunctivitis progressing to a tender erythematous rash in the face, neck, axilla, and groin with mucous membranes spared. Nikolsky’s sign is positive and flaccid bullae develop in areas of erythema.
4 16. A 42‐year‐old woman presents with fever and examination showswidespread erythema worse on the skin folds progressing to widespread small coalescing pustules.
5 17. A 56‐year‐old man presents with a 3‐day history of worsening skin erythema, blistering and pain. He is known to have smoking related COPD. He was started with allopurinol 7 days ago, because of frequent acute gout attack. On examination, he is febrile, HR is 110 bpm, there is confluent erythema of the entire trunk and all extremities with blistering and erosions affecting >30% of the body surface. On palpation, mild pressure causes several non‐blistered skins to slough. There is mild neutrophilia, slight elevation in liver aminotransferase levels.
Answers
1. Answer: C
Bullous pemphigoid is a rare autoimmune skin condition with an increasing incidence over the last two decades. It is caused by autoantibody‐mediated damage to the epithelial basement membrane of the epidermis. IgG +/‐ IgE antibody and activated T cells attack the protein BP180 (Type XVII collagen), or less frequently BP230 (a plakin), in the basement membrane.
There are HLA associations to suggest genetic predisposition to the disease. It most commonly affects elderly patients over the age of 70. However, drug‐induced bullous pemphigoid is linked to patients who are younger than 70 years of age and has a male predominance. The risk of developing bullous pemphigoid is greater in elderly patients with neurological disease, such as stroke, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, unipolar disorder, bipolar disease, and multiple sclerosis.
