Dan W. (1998). “Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con.” In Martha C. Nussbaum and Cass R. Sunstein (eds.), Clones and Clones, New York: W. W. Norton and Company.4 Cerva, R. P. and Stojkovic, M. (2007). “Human embryonic stem cell derivation and nuclear transfer: impact on regenerative therapeutics and drug discovery,” Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 82/3, 310–15.
5 Eisenberg Leon (1976). “The Outcome as Cause: Predestination and Human Cloning,” The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 1, 318–31.
6 Feinberg, Joel (1980). “The Child's Right to an Open Future.” In W. Aiken and H. LaFollette, Whose Child? Children's Rights, Parental Authority, and State Power, Totowa, NJ: Rowan and Littlefield.
7 Gallop Poll (2019). “Gay and Lesbian Rights”, https://news.gallup.com/poll/1651/gay‐lesbian‐rights.aspx (Accessed January 24, 2020.)
8 GLAPN (2007). “History of Sodomy Laws,” http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/history/history.htm (Accessed September 17, 2020).
9 Grogan, David (1990). “To Save Their Daughter from Leukemia, Abe and Mary Ayala Conceived a Plan‐and a Baby, People, March 5, 1990. https://people.com/archive/to‐save‐their‐daughter‐from‐leukemia‐abe‐and‐mary‐ayala‐conceived‐a‐plan‐and‐a‐baby‐vol‐33‐no‐9/ (Accessed January 24, 2020.)
10 Harris, Judith Rich (1998). The Nurture Assumption, New York: Free Press.
11 Hart, Ronald, Angelo Turturro, and Julian Leakey, ( 1997). “Born Again?” The Sciences 37/5, September/October 1997, 47–51.
12 Jonas, Hans (1974). Philosophical Essay: From Ancient Creed to Technological Man, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice‐Hall.
13 Kaczor, Christopher (2014). The Ethics of Abortion – Women’s Rights, Human Life, and the Question of Justice, 2nd edition, Abingdon‐on‐Thames: Routledge.
14 Kavka, Gregory S. (1981). “The Paradox of Future Individuals,” Philosophy & Public Affairs,” 11:93–112.
15 Kitcher, Philip ( 1997). “Whose Self Is It, Anyway?” The Sciences 37/5, September/October 1997, 58–62.
16 LaBar, Martin (1984). “The Pros and Cons of Human Cloning,” Thought 57: 318–33.
17 Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, (1632–1704)
18 Marquis, Don (1989). “Why Abortion is Immoral,” Journal of Philosophy, 86/4, 183–202. (See also Chapter 4 of this Anthology).
19 Mattachine Society Inc., of New York (1964). “Penalties for Sex Offenses in the United States,” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/67116400‐873c‐257c‐e040‐e00a18065646 (Accessed September 17, 2020).
20 Ogonuki, Narumi, et al (2002). “Early death of mice cloned from somatic cells,” Nature, 30, 253–4.
21 Parfit, Derek (1984). Reasons and Persons, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
22 Pew Research Center (2013). “The Global Divide on Homosexuality“, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2013/06/04/the‐global‐divide‐on‐homosexuality/ (Accessed January 24, 2020.)
23 Pinker, Steven (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
24 PPRI (2019). “New Landmark Survey of 50 States Finds Broad Support for LGBT Rights Across the United States,” https://www.prri.org/press‐release/new‐landmark‐survey‐of‐50‐states‐finds‐broad‐support‐for‐lgbt‐rights‐across‐the‐united‐states/ (Accessed January 24, 2020.)
25 Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
26 Robertson, John A. (1994). “The Question of Human Cloning,” Hastings Center Report 24, 6–14.
27 Sinclair, K. D., et al (2016). “Healthy ageing of cloned sheep,” Nature Communications, 26 July, 2016, 1–10.
28 Tooley, Michael, and Plantinga, Alvin (2008). Knowledge of God, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
29 Tooley, Michael, Wolf‐Devine, Celia, Devine, Philip E. and Jaggar, Alison M. (2009). Abortion: Three Perspectives, New York: Oxford University Press.
30 Tooley, Michael (1983). Abortion and Infanticide, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
31 ————, (1998). “The Moral Status of the Cloning of Humans,” In James Humber and Robert Almeder (eds.), Biomedical Ethics Reviews: Human Cloning, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, 65–101.
32 ————, (2019). The Problem of Evil, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Note
1 1 Although Kitcher mentions this idea as initially attractive, in the end he rejects it, on the grounds that cloning “interferes with human autonomy” (1997, 61) – a view that I considered, and argued against, in section 3.1.5.
Introduction
Our genes play an important role in what kind of people we are – whether we are, for example, short or tall, healthy or sick, mentally slow or bright; and while there is debate about the extent to which certain characteristics are inherited or the product of our environment, it is difficult to deny that some characteristics at least have a genetic basis. To deny this would, as Jonathan Glover points out in “Questions about Some Uses of Genetic Engineering” amount to thinking “that it is only living in kennels which makes dogs different from cats”.
Genetic manipulation, sometimes also referred to as genetic engineering, involves intervening at the genetic level in order to eliminate, modify, or enhance certain genetic traits or conditions. Recent scientific breakthroughs, including the mapping of the human genome, have added significantly to our understanding of our genes, and provide increasing and unprecedented possibilities for control over our genetic destiny. Should we make use of this knowledge, and to which ends? Should we, for example, use genetic manipulation only to prevent serious genetic disorders, or should we also use it for the enhancement of certain traits and characteristics?
The distinction between
