Emergency Medical Services. Группа авторов

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      85 85 Pennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Emergency Medical Services. Pennsylvania Statewide Advanced Life Support Protocols. Harrisburg, PA: Department of Health, 2019.

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      92 92 Shu E, Ives Tallman C, Frye W, et al. Pre‐hospital qSOFA as a predictor of sepsis and mortality. Am J Emerg Med. 2019; 37:1273–8.

      93 93 Lane D, Ichelson RI, Drennan IR, Scales DC. Prehospital management and identification of sepsis by emergency medical services: a systematic review. Emerg Med J. 2016; 33:408–13.

      94 94 Sethi M, Owyang CG, Meyers C, Parekh R, Shah KH, Manini AF. Choice of resuscitative fluids and mortality in emergency department patients with sepsis. Am J Emerg Med. 2018; 36:625–9.

      95 95 Seymour CW, Cooke CR, Heckbert SR, et al. Prehospital intravenous access and fluid resuscitation in severe sepsis: an observational cohort study. Crit Care. 2014; 18:533.

      96 96 Schmidt KF, Schwarzkopf D, Baldwin LM, et al. Long‐term courses of sepsis survivors: effects of a primary care management intervention. Am J Med. 2020; 133:381–385.e385.

      97 97 Studnek JR, Artho MR, Garner CL, Jr., Jones AE. The impact of emergency medical services on the ED care of severe sepsis. Am J Emerg Med. 2012; 30:51–6.

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      105 105 Henderson RA, Thomson DP, Bahrs BA, Norman MP. Unnecessary intravenous access in the emergency setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1998; 2:312–16.

      106 106 Sampalis JS, Tamim H, Denis R, et al. Ineffectiveness of on‐site intravenous lines: is prehospital time the culprit? J Trauma. 1997; 43:608–15.

      107 107 Seamon MJ, Fisher CA, Gaughan J, et al. Prehospital procedures before emergency department thoracotomy: “scoop and run” saves lives. J Trauma. 2007; 63:113–20.

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       Bryan B. Kitch and Eric H. Beck

      While discussions continue concerning the utility of obtaining prehospital vascular access, the skill remains a standard taught to EMS clinicians and is a mainstay of contemporary emergency care. Methods of access include peripheral and central intravenous (IV) catheterization and intraosseous (IO) needle, depending on the local scope of practice and the qualifications

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