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Photovoltaic Manufacturing
Etching, Texturing, and Cleaning
Edited by
Monika Freunek Müller
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-24189-8
Cover image: Top figures: RENA Technologies GmbH – BatchTex machine for solar wafer texturing Bottom row left: Technological Institute of Microelectronics (TiM), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
Bottom row right: Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Research Unit Center for Silicon Photovoltaics CSP, Halle (Saale), Germany
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
The last two decades were groundbreaking for photovoltaic (PV) technology. Countless researchers, engineers, technicians, politicians, and individuals all over the world contributed with their work and enthusiasm to the progress of this field. In this time, silicon PV cells increased their efficiency to 26.1% [1], being close to their theoretical limit for real cells of 29.8% [2]. PV technologies such as multijunction solar cells achieved a maximum of 39.2% efficiency in nonconcentrated applications [1], and new emerging technologies such as perovskites evolved. Figures 1 and 2 visualize the impressive progress in photovoltaics, depicting the best research cell efficiencies (Figure 1) and the champion module efficiencies (Figure 2). Both figures start with a few technologies, remarkable achievements, and, especially in the case of modules, a somewhat steady progress. The first cell type ever recorded in these data, an a:Si:H cell, evolved from 2.4% efficiency in 1976 to 14.1%. However, shortly around the year 2000, 10 new photovoltaic technologies evolved, increasing the record PV efficiency from 31.9% in 2000 by more than 50% to 47.1%. Not only were 40% of the technologies of today developed during the last two decades but also their efficiency trends are improving much steeper than ever before in the PV history.
The same is true for the record PV module efficiencies depicted in Figure 2. The efficiencies demonstrated with small-scale modules in the year 2000 increases with some module technologies doubling or even tripling their module record efficiencies within a decade and less. This is especially remarkable as some the technologies were scaled up to large module productions. Again, more
