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Radioactive Risk Set
coordinated by
Jean-Claude Amiard
Disarmament and Decommissioning in the Nuclear Domain
Volume 4
Jean-Claude Amiard
First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd
27-37 St George’s Road
London SW19 4EU
UK
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
USA
© ISTE Ltd 2021
The rights of Jean-Claude Amiard to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021938220
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-721-7
Preface
Nuclear energy is used in two main areas: military and civil. In the military field, nine countries are currently manufacturing nuclear weapons of mass destruction, which is a serious threat to humanity and all living beings. Therefore, the UN and many NGOs are working to limit nuclear proliferation, as well as to limit the number of nuclear weapons. The ultimate goal, probably utopian, is a complete eradication of these weapons. Like all human creations, the life span of nuclear weapons is limited. The military must therefore deconstruct obsolete weapons and, unfortunately, manufacture new ones that are more powerful, more precise and therefore more destructive than previous ones. The military must also urgently clean up old nuclear facilities that have become obsolete, as well as highly contaminated.
In the civil field, nuclear energy is mainly used to produce electricity and in many medical applications for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, with radiotracers (scintigraphy) and ionizing radiation destroying cancer cells (brachytherapy and radiotherapy). Here again, various nuclear installations, nuclear power reactors, plants, particle accelerators, etc. have a limited lifespan and must be decommissioned and dismantled. However, these operations are long, costly and present both environmental and health risks. They must therefore be carefully programmed, seriously supervised and controlled. The ideal is for the site to return to its initial state (often called “greenfield”).
The aim of this book, the fourth in the “radioactive risk” series, is to take stock of the state-of-the-art nuclear disarmament and dismantling. As with the previous works in this series, we have tried to use multiple information sources and verify them, in order to get as close as possible to the truth.
The first part of this book is devoted to the international efforts to limit nuclear proliferation, with various international treaties signed and some ratified, as well as agreements to limit the number of nuclear weapons held by the nuclear powers.
The second part deals with the decommissioning and dismantling of various types of nuclear facilities, including power, prototype and research reactors, as well as plants upstream and downstream of the nuclear fuel cycle or nuclear research centers.
May 2021
Acknowledgments
Jean-Claude Zerbib, a former CEA Senior Expert and radiation protection engineer, had the difficult task of reading, annotating and criticizing the original manuscript. He also provided me with the precious documents needed to complete the abundant literature that fed the writing of this book.
Professor Philip Rainbow (former Keeper of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London, UK) has done the same for the English version. I would like to thank them both for their time and effort.
I would also like to thank the members of the ANCCLI Scientific Council who helped me to understand certain subjects. The same goes for all of the members of the Groupe Radioécologie Nord Cotentin (GRNC), a pluralist group, for the remarkable work they carried out together courteously.
1
Nuclear Non-Proliferation
1.1. Introduction
Nuclear weapons pose an immense risk to human beings, as well as to all living beings and to the environment. For this reason, many individuals and organizations have been working to limit the number of states capable of manufacturing this type of weapon.
UN efforts to prevent, or at least limit, nuclear proliferation are significant and ongoing. For example, the UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (April 28, 2004) echoes the terms of the UN Security Council’s statement from January 31, 1992 by stating that “the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, as well as their means of delivery constitutes a threat to international peace and security”. However, in this resolution, it is the risks associated with the acquisition of such weapons by “non-state actors” that are specifically targeted. Some analysts consider that this resolution
